Gutenberg, Erich

Japanese: グーテンベルク(英語表記)Gutenberg, Erich
Gutenberg, Erich
Born: December 13, 1897 in Herford, North Rhine-Westphalia
Died: May 22, 1984. Cologne. German business economist. He studied modern economics at the University of Halle, and after obtaining his doctorate in 1921, he briefly entered the industrial world, but then studied business economics at the University of Frankfurt. In 1928, he obtained a professorial qualification at the University of Münster, where he returned to the industrial world as a business auditor, and in 1938 became an extracurricular professor at the Clausthal Mining College. He became a professor at the University of Jena in 1940, the University of Frankfurt in 1947, and the University of Cologne in 1951. He retired in 1966. He contributed to the modernization of business economics theory by making full use of modern economic methods. The results of his work can be seen in production theory, cost theory, and price theory. Major works include "Die Unternehmung als Gegenstand betriebswirtschaftlicher Theorie" (1929), "Principles of Managerial Economics" (2 volumes, 1955), "Introduction to Managerial Economics" (1958), "Untersuchungen" Unternehmen" (1959), "Corporate Organization and Decision Making" Unternehmensführung (1962).

Gutenberg
Gutenberg, Johannes

[Fresh]? Mainz
Died: February 3, 1468? The man considered to be the founder of movable type printing in Mainz, Germany. His birth year is estimated to have been between 1394 and 1399. Gutenberg's real name was Johannes Gensfleisch, his mother's surname. Born into an aristocratic family in Mainz, he joined the guild of typographers and became skilled in metalwork. He went to Strasbourg around 1434, and during his stay he made a movable type printing press using a wine press. He returned to Mainz around 1444-45, and around 1450 he partnered with goldsmith J. Fust and established a printing shop with Fust's funds. In 1452 he began assembling type for the 42-line Bible, and later created the typesetting for the 36-line Bible. In 1855, a dispute between the two led to a lawsuit, and the printing house was passed into the hands of Fust and the scribe P. Schaefer. He rebuilt the printing business with the help of K. Hummer, and in 1860 is said to have printed a kind of dictionary, "Catholikon," using even smaller type than the 42-line type. In 1865, he received a pension from the Archbishop of Mainz and Count Nassau, and finally achieved a stable life. There are many unknowns about his life, and there are various theories about the invention of movable type printing, the "42-line Bible," and other things.

Gutenberg
Gutenberg, Beno

Born: June 4, 1889 in Darmstadt
[Died] January 25, 1960. Pasadena, California. German-born American geophysicist. Graduated from the University of Göttingen. After working as an assistant at the International Seismological Institute in Strasbourg (1911-18) and a private lecturer at the University of Frankfurt am Main, he became a professor of geophysics (26). He was a professor at the California Institute of Technology (30-57). He was also director of the Pasadena Seismological Laboratory (47). He determined that the depth of the boundary between the mantle and the core of the Earth is 3,500 km. He defined the magnitude of earthquakes and used it to provide a formula for the relationship between earthquake strength and frequency, contributing to the advancement of seismology. He is the author of Physics of the Earth's Interior (59).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1897.12.13. ノルトラインウェストファーレン,ヘルフォルト
[没]1984.5.22. ケルン
ドイツの経営経済学者。ハレ大学で近代経済学を専攻し,1921年博士号を取得して一時産業界へ出たが,その後フランクフルト大学で経営経済学を研究,1928年ミュンスター大学で教授資格を得て経営監査士として再び産業界で活躍し,1938年クラウスタール鉱山専門学校講座外教授。 1940年イェナ大学,1947年フランクフルト大学,1951年ケルン大学各教授。 1966年退官。近代経済学的手法を駆使して,経営経済理論の近代化に貢献した。生産理論,費用理論,価格理論にその成果がみられる。主著"Die Unternehmung als Gegenstand betriebswirtschaftlicher Theorie" (1929) ,『経営経済学原理』 Grundlagen der Betriebswirtschaftslehre (2巻,1955) ,『経営経済学入門』 Einführung in die Betriebswirtschaftslehre (1958) ,"Untersuchungen über die Investitionsentscheidungen industrieller Unternehmen" (1959) ,『企業の組織と意思決定』 Unternehmensführung (1962) 。

グーテンベルク
Gutenberg, Johannes

[生]? マインツ
[没]1468.2.3? マインツ
ドイツの活字印刷術創始者とされている人物。生年は 1394~99年と推定されている。グーテンベルクは母の姓で,本名はヨハネス・ゲンスフライシュ。マインツの貴族の家に生れ,飾り職ギルドに入り,金属細工に長じた。 1434年頃シュトラスブルク (ストラスブール) に行き,滞在中にワインしぼり機を利用して活字印刷機をつくった。 44~45年頃マインツに帰り,50年頃金細工師 J.フストと提携,彼の資金で印刷所を設けた。 52年『42行聖書』の活字組立てが始り,その後『36行聖書』の組版もつくられた。 55年両者の不和から裁判となり,印刷所はフストと写本業者 P.シェーファーの手に渡り,彼自身は K.フンマーの援助を得て印刷業を再建,60年には 42行活字よりもさらに小さい活字により一種の辞書『カトリコン』を印刷したとされる。 65年,マインツ大司教,ナッサウ伯から年金を受け,ようやく生活の安定を得た。なお,彼の生涯には不明な点が多く,活版印刷術の発明についても,『42行聖書』その他についても諸説がある。

グーテンベルク
Gutenberg, Beno

[生]1889.6.4. ダルムシュタット
[没]1960.1.25. カリフォルニア,パサディナ
ドイツ生れのアメリカの地球物理学者。ゲッティンゲン大学卒業。シュトラスブルクの国際地震学協会の助手 (1911~18) ,フランクフルトアムマイン大学の私講師を経て,地球物理学教授 (26) 。カリフォルニア工科大学教授 (30~57) 。パサディナ地震研究所所長 (47) 。地球内部のマントルとコアの境の深さを 3500kmと決定。地震のマグニチュードを定義し,それを用いて地震の強さと頻度の関係式を与え,地震学の進歩に貢献した。著書『地球内部の物理学』 Physics of the Earth's Interior (59) 。

出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報

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