It is a very comprehensive concept with various meanings. For example, the meanings of modernization of agriculture, small and medium-sized enterprises, labor-management relations, political parties, and Japan are not necessarily the same. In agriculture, it means mechanization of agricultural production and farm management based on rational economic calculations; in small and medium-sized enterprises, it means management rationalization through mechanization of production processes; in labor-management relations, it means a transition from a pre-existing, status-based hierarchical relationship to a free and equal partnership; in political parties, it means the development and improvement of organizations and operations through the rationalization of fund procurement and personal connections; and in Japanese society as a whole, it means a change in the way of life and thinking by breaking away from backward communal relationships, in other words, the formation of a civil society and civic people, or the Westernization of Japan. However, despite the diversity of meanings, modernization can be considered to be the process by which the functional fields of social life such as politics, economy, and culture, the entire society including them, and the consciousness and actions of the people living there strengthen the rational, planned, functional, and organized nature. In this case, modernization has two meanings: first, it is used to indicate the process of formation of modern society (and modern people) as a historical individual limited in time and place (such as modern Western Europe), and second, it is used to indicate the transition process from a non-modern or pre-modern state to a universally modern state by reinterpreting the state (permeated with the principle of rational life) specific to modern Western society once it was formed, separated from the time and place limitations, as universal modernity. When talking about modernization, it is usually used in the latter sense. [Akira Hamashima] Historical modernization and universal modernizationModernization in the historical sense (the process of the formation of modern society) refers to the transition process from medieval feudal society to modern capitalist society. Modernization in the sense of going from feudalism to capitalism refers mainly to modernization in the economic field, a historical process centered on the formation and development of industrial capital, in which small commodity producers (middle-class producers) based in local market areas rejected exploitation by feudal lords and merchant capital, broke feudal land ownership and communal relations, dominated urban commerce and industry, and realized the formation of people's wealth (industrial capital) and its overall development. This process is industrialization in the broad sense, and capitalism in the narrow sense, but it is not limited to the modernization of the economic field, and it also brought about the modernization of politics, society, and culture in a broad sense. However, the process of modernization is extremely diverse both historically and regionally, and there are many cases in which economic modernization precedes political and cultural modernization. For example, in Britain, the bourgeois revolution (bourgeois revolution; bourgeois reform of the political structure) preceded the industrial revolution (industrial modernization) by about a century, and it was supported by the spiritual modernization that originated with the Reformation. (Note, for example, that in less developed countries such as Japan, industrialization through the introduction of advanced technology was prioritized, and external cultural artifacts and systems were introduced and imitated, but old communal relationships and value systems were preserved, and political and social modernization was incomplete or merely a mere formality, and industrial modernization preceded political and social modernization.) As Max Weber argued, the subjective driving force behind the entire systemic development of industrial capital was the middle class of producers who internalized the Protestant ethic to create their own rational, secular, ascetic ethics, thereby regulating their lives rationally and enabling expanded reproduction and capital accumulation through labor saving. At the same time, by making spiritually independent and self-aware people the agents of change, equal citizen relations (civil society) and its political expression, modern democracy, were established. In this way, modern Western society is a historical entity that was established as a product of the Reformation, the Civil Revolution, and the Industrial Revolution, and is a world permeated in every corner by rational principles of life. Weber saw this as a world colored by the highest degree of formal rationality (especially rational technology and rational organization = bureaucracy). In contrast, modernization in the universal and abstract sense takes modern Western society as a historical individual as a model, but by removing the time and place limitations of modern Western Europe and extracting the characteristics of its unique political, economic, and cultural (spiritual) structures and reconstructing them as universal modernity, it transforms into a concept that can be applied to any era or region. The rational economic organization (rational management capitalism) derived from the Industrial Revolution, democracy as a political form derived from the civil revolution, and the autonomous, self-conscious individual as a human type derived from the Reformation are originally phenomena unique to modern Western society, but they become components of modern society as universal archetypes that transcend history and systems. Modernization appears not as a historical transition from feudalism to capitalism, but as a transition from barbarism to civilization, and from pre-modernity to modernity. Indeed, the advanced production, division of labor, and transportation systems, as well as rational technology, machines, and organizations created by capitalism are themselves inevitabilities that transcend differences in history and systems, and therefore they are applicable throughout history and regardless of system. Democracy as a political form, urban lifestyles as a social form, mass communication as a cultural form, and the spread of education are also seen as universal and desirable in themselves, insofar as they are part of the conditions of modern life. Thus, modernity is the ultimate goal that all societies, whether Western or non-Western, developed or developing, and beyond capitalism or socialism, must reach sooner or later as a result of social change, and modernization is the universal social process that leads to this goal. In this case, modernization is a comprehensive concept that includes changes in the elements listed above, and since it is a contentless process of change in itself, its substance is carried out by industrialization, which is driven by progress in science and technology and brings about mass production and mass consumption, and urbanization, which brings about the movement, concentration, and accumulation of population in industrial centers (i.e., the formation of cities), which leads to changes in lifestyles, and other change processes. Therefore, modernization refers to the transition from an agricultural society to an industrial society, from a rural society to an urban society, from a traditional society to a modern society, and from a status-based society to a contractual society, with industrialization as the fundamental process and accompanied by urbanization (the formation of cities and the popularization of urban lifestyles) and other socio-cultural changes (the development of transportation and communications, the spread of mass communication, the spread of education, etc.). Thus, industrialization does not only advance the industrial structure through the introduction of machine production, but also brings about fundamental changes in politics, economy, society, culture as a whole, and the structure of human life, ultimately resulting in an industrial society with common characteristics. This point was emphasized in Rostow's theory of stages of economic development. According to this theory, the process in which a stagnant agricultural society gradually prepares for industrialization, takes off with the Industrial Revolution as a turning point, and enters an advanced industrial society after completing the transition from light industry to heavy industry is divided into five stages: traditional society → preconditions stage → takeoff stage → advance to maturity stage → advanced consumerism stage. In the final stage, the advanced consumerism stage, the emphasis shifts from production to consumption, leisure, and welfare issues, and is characterized by the spread of durable consumer goods, changes in the labor force structure, and the progress of urbanization, and in this respect, it is argued that advanced industrial societies reach a similar state regardless of whether they are based on a capitalist or socialist social system. [Akira Hamashima] The Genealogy and Nature of Modernization TheoryModernization theory, as represented by Rostow, has a unique view of history or worldview that divides the world into two major stages, premodern and modern, and that all advanced industrial societies, regardless of system, converge to a similar state, and has played a certain ideological role, especially in terms of opposing Marxism. This type of view of history can be seen in the positions of Adam Smith, who distinguished between barbarism and civilization and unselfishly celebrated civil society as a wealthy system, and Saint-Simon, who considered industrialization to be the supreme command of social progress and aimed to organize society and remodel the human spirit based on industrialism, but classical sociology in particular has formulated the direction of social change as a dichotomy or two-stage idea from premodern society to modern society, and has positively evaluated this direction as progress or evolution. For example, following Maine's scheme of "from status to contract," Spencer praised the process of social evolution from military society (primitive society characterized by status domination, centralized control, and forced cooperation) to industrial society (modern society characterized by free contract, decentralization, and voluntary cooperation). Tönnies explained the direction of change from Gemeinschaft (a communal society of emotional fusion) to Gesellschaft (a society of profit bound by self-interest), while Durkheim presented a scheme of evolution from mechanical solidarity (solidarity based on similarities between impersonal members) to organic solidarity (solidarity based on the division of labor between individualized members). For Durkheim, modernization was nothing other than a process of expanding and deepening the division of labor and solidarity in which humans become increasingly autonomous and individualized, while at the same time becoming more and more closely dependent and complementary on one hand. With a few exceptions, in the classical sociological development scheme, modernization has been evaluated and affirmed from the standpoint of industrialism as progress or development toward a more desirable or valuable state. This standpoint has emerged in a new guise as part of a global strategy aimed at defending the capitalist system and maintaining hegemony against the backdrop of the international situation after World War II (the cold war and peaceful coexistence of socialism and capitalism, the North-South problem, especially the development problems of developing regions, Japan's rapid modernization success, etc.). This is modernization theory. It is a type of social change theory devised for the purpose of theoretically and practically justifying the postwar global strategy of the United States (Western countries), and has been said to be a new type of theory based on the logic of industrialism and the theory of social development, which makes some modifications to the traditional Western-centric view of history in response to the formation of socialist countries and the rise of the Third World, and which challenges the materialist view of history to oppose socialism. The main criticisms from the socialist camp are as follows: [Akira Hamashima] The limits of modernization and the movement towards post-modernizationHowever, many of the criticisms of Rostow's theory of modernization have lost their persuasiveness due to the total collapse of socialism in the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries. Capitalist modernization is expanding and penetrating on a global scale today (globalization), and is reaching its peak in developed countries. The progress of rationalization, organization, management, information technology, and urbanization that support mass production and mass consumption has brought unprecedented material prosperity and made people's lives more comfortable, but on the other hand, it has created a paradoxical situation in which people are alienated and oppressed. In response to this situation, a counterculture, a cultural movement aiming to move away from civilization, management, and urbanization, has already emerged since the late 1960s, especially among the younger generation, but the movement for a human way of life (new lifestyle) has spread across generations since the 1980s, and the tendency to value sensitivity and pursue meaning in life and self-actualization has become prominent. At times, this is supported by anti-modern and anti-intellectual sentiment, and there are aspects that could lead to a return to pre-modernity and tradition, leading to spiritual decadence; however, there is an increasing awareness of the postmodern movement, which seeks to break through the limitations of modernity to create new values and meanings and to enrich and improve the quality of the life world. On the other hand, the development stage theory of Rostow and others focuses too much on the capitalist modernization of the Western developed countries, and overlooks the fact that this kind of modernization involved and was possible only at the expense of less developed regions such as the Third World. The total collapse of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe certainly meant the victory of capitalism, but what made it possible was the domination and exploitation of developing countries by the developed countries (or, conversely, the subordination of the latter to the former). This viewpoint was developed in dependency theory from the mid-1960s onwards, and was later taken over by the world-system theory of American sociologist Wallerstein. According to him, the capitalist world economy as a world system is a global division of labor system established for market-based production aiming at maximizing profits, and in this division of labor system, there is a multi-layered relationship of dependence and exploitation between the Western developed countries that form the center or core, the Third World that forms the periphery or border, and the semi-periphery that stands between the two. Capitalist modernization, or the existence of the capitalist world economy, depends on the uneven development of these regions, and in particular on the maintenance and preservation of dependency (and therefore unequal exchange) so that the periphery can remain underdeveloped and supply cheap food and raw materials. The underdevelopment of the periphery is the result of the exploitation of the surplus by the core regions, and is nothing but an inevitable historical product of capitalist modernization. Contemporary development issues lie in capitalist modernization, which is essentially the exploitation of peripheral regions (developing countries such as the Third World) by central regions (developed Western countries), but particularly since the 1980s, rapid industrialization has progressed mainly in Southeast Asia and parts of Latin America, and the modernization of the so-called NIES (Newly Industrializing Economies) has suddenly come into focus. These regions have made remarkable progress from the periphery to semi-periphery status, but the semi-periphery is noteworthy in that it has acted as an intermediate intermediary in that it has been exploited by the center (core) while also exploiting the periphery, and at the same time has achieved a certain degree of self-sustaining growth within the capitalist world economy. [Akira Hamashima] "Theory of Modernization" edited by M. Wiener, translated by Kamibayashi Ryoichi and Takemae Eiji (1968, Hosei University Press)" ▽ "Modernization of Japan and Religious Ethics - A Theory of Early Modern Japanese Religion" by R.N. Beller, translated by Hori Ichiro and Ikeda Akira (1962, Miraisha)" ▽ "Industrialism - Management and Labor in Industrialization" by Carr, Dunlop, Harbison and Myers, edited by Nakayama Ichiro and translated by Kawada Hisashi (1963, Toyo Keizai Shinposha)" ▽ "Theory of Social Change - An Economic Sociological Study" by Tominaga Kenichi (1965, Iwanami Shoten)" ▽ "The Stages of Economic Growth, Expanded Edition, by W.W. Rostow, translated by Kimura Ken, Kubo Machiko and Murakami Yasusuke (1974, Diamond Inc.)" ▽ I. Wallerstein, The Modern World-System I: Agricultural Capitalism and the Rise of the "European Economy" (1981, Iwanami Shoten) ▽ I. Wallerstein, Capitalism as a Historical System (1985, Iwanami Shoten) ▽ I. Wallerstein, Capitalist World Economy I: Inequality in the Core and Periphery (1987, Nagoya University Press) ▽ A. Giddens, What Kind of Era is Modernity?: Consequences of Modernity (1993, Jitsuryo Shobo) translated by Matsuo Seifumi and Obata Masatoshi ▽ Mikami Takeshi, Sociology of Postmodernity (1993, Sekaishisosha) ▽ Sengoku Yoshiro (ed.), Modern and Postmodern: An Approach from Contemporary Sociology (1994, Horitsu Bunkasha) [References] | | | | | | | | |Gesellschaft| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
きわめて包括的な概念でさまざまな意味内容を伴っている。たとえば、農業の近代化、中小企業の近代化、労使関係の近代化、政党の近代化、日本の近代化などというときに、その意味内容はかならずしも同じではない。農業の場合は農業生産の機械化や合理的な経済計算に基づく農業経営が、中小企業の場合には生産工程の機械化による経営合理化が、労使関係の場合には前期的、身分的上下関係から自由で対等なパートナーシップへの移行が、政党の場合には資金の調達や人的つながりの合理化による機構や運営の整備、充実が、日本社会全体の場合には遅れた共同体的諸関係からの脱皮による生活の仕方やものの考え方の変革、つまり、市民社会や市民的人間の形成あるいは日本の西欧化といったことが意味される。しかし、意味内容の多様性にもかかわらず、政治、経済、文化などの社会生活の機能的諸分野やそれらをひっくるめた社会全体およびそこで生活する人間の意識や行動が合理的、計画的、機能的、組織的な性質を強めていく過程が近代化であると考えてよい。その際に、近代化には二つの意味があって、一つには、(近代西欧というように)時間と場所を限定された歴史的個体としての近代社会(および近代人)の形成過程を示すのに用いられ、二つには、ひとたび形成された近代西欧社会に特有な(合理的生活原理の浸透した)状態を時間的、場所的限定から切り離して普遍的近代としてとらえ直し、非近代的または前近代的な状態から普遍近代的な状態に到達する移行過程を示すのに用いられる。近代化という場合には、普通には後者の意味で用いられることが多い。 [濱嶋 朗] 歴史的近代化と普遍的近代化歴史的な意味での近代化(近代社会の成立過程)は、中世封建社会から近代資本主義社会への移行過程を意味する。封建制から資本主義へという意味での近代化は、おもに経済の分野における近代化であって、産業資本の形成と展開を基軸にする歴史過程を意味し、小商品生産者(中産的生産者層)が局地的市場圏を拠点として領主や商人資本による収奪を排し、封建的土地所有と共同体的諸関係を打破し、都市の商工業を制圧して、民富(産業資本)の形成と全機構的展開を実現した過程である。この過程は広義には産業化、狭義には資本主義化の過程であるが、それは経済の分野の近代化に限定されず、それに付随して広く政治、社会、文化の近代化をもたらした。 ただし、近代化の過程は歴史的にも地域的にもきわめて多様であって、経済の近代化が政治や文化の近代化に先導される場合も少なくない。たとえば、イギリスでは市民革命(ブルジョア革命。政治構造のブルジョア的変革)が産業革命(産業の近代化)に1世紀ほど先行したし、またそれは宗教改革に由来する精神の近代化に支えられていた(なお、たとえば、日本などの後発諸国では先進技術などの導入による産業化が優先され、外面的な文物や制度の導入・模倣がなされたが、古い共同体的諸関係や価値体系が温存されたため、政治・社会の近代化は不徹底に終わるか、形骸(けいがい)化するに留まり、産業の近代化が政治・社会の近代化に先行した)。マックス・ウェーバーが唱えたように、産業資本の全機構的展開を担う主体的推進力は、プロテスタンティズムの倫理を骨肉化して自己の合理的、世俗内的禁欲倫理とし、これによって生活を合理的に規制し、勤労節約によって拡大再生産と資本蓄積を可能にした中産的生産者層であった。また同時に、精神的に自立し自覚した人間を変革主体とすることによって、対等同格の同市民関係(市民社会)やその政治的表現である近代民主制が確立したのである。このように、近代西欧社会は宗教改革、市民革命、産業革命の産物として成立した歴史的個体であり、合理的な生活原理によって隅々まで貫かれた世界である。ウェーバーはこれを、最高度の形式合理性(とくに合理的技術と合理的組織=官僚制bureaucracy)によって彩られた世界であるとみた。 これに対し、普遍的、抽象的な意味での近代化の場合は、歴史的個体としての近代西欧社会をモデルとしながらも、近代西欧という時間的、場所的限定を離れて、それに固有な政治、経済、文化(精神)構造の諸特質を抽出し、これを普遍的近代として再構成することによって、どの時代どの地域にも当てはまるような概念に変質を遂げる。産業革命に由来する合理的な経済機構(合理的経営資本主義)、市民革命に由来する政治形態としての民主主義、宗教改革に由来する人間類型としての自律的、自覚的個人は、もともと近代西欧社会に固有の現象であるのに、歴史を超え体制を超えた普遍的典型としての近代社会の構成要素となる。封建制から資本主義への歴史的移行過程ではなくて、未開から文明へ、前近代から近代への推移として近代化が現れる。確かに、資本主義がつくりだした高度の生産、分業、交通のシステムまたは合理的な技術、機械、組織は、それ自体歴史や体制の違いを超えた必然性であるから、それらは歴史貫通的に、また体制の別なく通用する。政治形態としての民主主義、社会形態としての都市的生活様式、文化形態としてのマス・コミュニケーション、教育の普及なども、近代的生活条件の一環である限り、それ自体として普遍性をもち、価値的に望ましいものと目される。 こうして、西欧、非西欧を問わず、先進国、開発途上国の別なく、また資本主義、社会主義を超えて、あらゆる社会が社会変動の結果として早晩到達すべき最終目標が近代であり、そこに至る普遍的社会過程が近代化である、とされるのである。その場合、近代化とは以上にあげた諸要素の変化を含む包括概念であり、それ自体としては内容空疎な変動過程であるから、その実質は科学、技術の進歩を起動力とし大量生産と大量消費をもたらす工業化(または産業化)industrialization、それに伴って産業の中心地への人口の移動、集中、集積(=都市の形成)を引き起こし、生活様式の変化を招く都市化urbanizationその他の変動過程によって担われることになる。そこで、近代化とは、工業化を基礎過程とし、都市化(都市の形成と都市的生活様式の一般化)やその他の社会文化的変化(交通・通信の発達、マス・コミュニケーションの浸透、教育の普及など)を伴い、農業社会から工業(産業)社会へ、農村的社会から都市的社会へ、伝統的社会から近代的社会へ、身分的社会から契約的社会へ推移することを表すわけである。 こうして、工業化は機械生産の導入による産業構造の高度化だけにとどまらず、政治、経済、社会、文化全体および人間の生活構造の根本的な変動を引き起こしながら、最終的には共通した性格をもつ産業社会へ到達することになる。この点を力説したのがロストウの経済発展段階説である。それによると、停滞的農業社会がしだいに工業化の準備を整え、産業革命を契機として離陸take-offを達成し、軽工業から重工業への移行を完了したのちに高度産業社会に突入していく過程は、伝統的社会→先行条件期→離陸期→成熟への前進期→高度大衆消費時代の5段階に区分される。最終段階の高度大衆消費時代では、重点は生産から消費、レジャー、福祉の問題に移り、耐久消費財の普及、労働力構成の変化、都市化の進展、などによって特徴づけられ、その点では先進産業社会は資本主義、社会主義といった社会体制のいかんを問わず類似した状態にたどり着く、と主張される。 [濱嶋 朗] 近代化論の系譜と性格ロストウに代表される近代化論は、前近代から近代という2段階を大きく区分し、体制の別なく高度産業社会としては類似した状態に収斂(しゅうれん)するという独特の歴史観ないしは世界観をもち、とりわけマルクス主義への対抗という点で、ある種のイデオロギー的役割を果たしてきた。この種の史観は、古くは未開と文明を区別して富裕の体制としての市民社会を手放しで謳歌(おうか)したアダム・スミス、産業化を社会進歩の至上命令とみなし、産業主義に基づいて社会の組織化と人間精神の改造を目ざしたサン・シモンなどの立場にもみられるが、とくに古典的社会学では社会の変動方向を前近代社会から近代社会という二分法ないし二段階論的発想で定式化し、この方向を進歩または進化として肯定的に評価してきた。たとえば、メーンの「身分から契約へ」という図式に沿って、スペンサーは軍事型社会(身分的支配、集権的統制、強制的協働を特徴とする原始社会)から産業型社会(自由な契約、分権化、自発的協働によって特徴づけられる近代社会)への社会進化の過程を賛美した。テンニエスはゲマインシャフト(感情融合の共同社会)からゲゼルシャフト(利害打算で結び付いた利益社会)への変動方向を説き、またデュルケームは機械的連帯(没個性的な成員間の類似に基づく連帯)から有機的連帯(個性化した成員間の分業に基づく連帯)への発展図式を提示した。近代化とは、デュルケームの場合、人間がますます自律化し個性化する半面において、相互にますます緊密に依存し補完しあう分業と連帯の拡大、深化の過程にほかならなかった。 若干の例外を除き、古典的社会学の発展図式では、近代化はより望ましい状態、より価値ある状態への進歩または発展として産業主義の立場から評価され、肯定されてきたといってよい。このような立場は、第二次世界大戦後の国際情勢(社会主義と資本主義の冷戦と平和共存、南北問題とくに開発途上地域の開発問題、日本の急激な近代化の成功など)を背景に、資本主義体制の擁護とヘゲモニーの維持を目ざす世界戦略の一環として、新たな装いのもとに登場してきた。これが近代化論である。それは、戦後のアメリカ(西側諸国)の世界戦略を理論的、実践的に正当づける目的で編み出された社会変動論の一種であり、産業主義の論理と社会発展論に立脚し、社会主義国家群の形成と第三世界の台頭に即応して従来の西欧中心主義的歴史観に若干の修正を加え、かつ唯物史観に挑戦して社会主義に対抗しようとする新型の理論であるといわれてきた。おもに社会主義陣営側からの批判点を羅列すれば、 [濱嶋 朗] 近代化(論)の限界と脱近代への動きしかし、ロストウらの近代化論に対するこのような批判点の多くは、ソ連・東欧諸国における社会主義の全面的崩壊により説得力を失った。資本主義的近代化は今日、地球大の規模で拡大、浸透し(グローバリゼーションglobalization)、先進諸国ではその極みに達しつつある。大量生産と大量消費を支える合理化・組織化・管理化・情報化・都市化の進行は、歴史上かつてない物質的繁栄をもたらし、人々の生活を快適なものにしたが、その反面かえって人間を疎外し、抑圧するという逆説的状況を生み出した。こうした状況に対しては、すでに1960年代の末ごろからとくに若い世代の間に脱文明・脱管理・脱都会を志向する文化運動としての対抗文化(カウンター・カルチャーcounter culture)が巻き起こったが、人間らしい生き方(新しいライフスタイル)を求める動きは、1980年代以降世代を超えて広まり、感性を重んじ、生きがいや自己実現を追求する傾向が顕著になった。それはときとして反近代・反主知主義の感情に支えられて前近代・伝統への回帰を志向し、精神の退廃に堕しかねない面もあるが、近代の限界を突き破って新しい価値や意味を創造し、生活世界の質的充実・向上を目ざす脱近代(ポストモダン)の動きが目だつようになっている。 他方、ロストウらの発展段階説は、欧米先進諸国の資本主義的近代化に注目するあまり、この種の近代化が第三世界など低開発地域を巻きこみ、その犠牲の上に可能であったという事実、また現にそうであることを見逃している。たしかにソ連・東欧諸国の全面的崩壊は資本主義の勝利を意味したが、それを可能にしたのは先進諸国による開発途上国の支配と収奪(逆にいえば後者の前者への従属)にほかならなかった。この見地は1960年代なかば以降の従属理論において展開され、のちにアメリカの社会学者ウォーラーステインの世界システム論に引き継がれた。彼によると、世界システムworld systemとしての資本主義世界経済は、利潤極大化を目ざす市場的生産のために成立した世界的分業体制であり、この分業体制のなかで中心または中核をなす欧米先進諸国と、周辺または辺境をなす第三世界および両者の中間にたつ半周辺、といった諸地域の重層的な依存と収奪の関係がみられる。資本主義的近代化ないし資本主義世界経済の存立は、これらの地域の不均等発展、とりわけ周辺地域が低開発のまま安い食糧や原材料を供給するように従属関係(したがって不等価交換)が維持され温存されることに依存している。周辺地域の低開発状態は中核地域による剰余の収奪の結果であり、資本主義的近代化が必然的にもたらした歴史的産物にほかならない、というわけである。 現代の開発問題は、中心地域(欧米先進諸国)による周辺地域(第三世界などの開発途上国)の収奪を実質的内容とする資本主義的近代化にあるが、とりわけ1980年代以降、主として東南アジア、ラテンアメリカの一部などで急速な工業化が進み、いわゆるNIES(新興工業経済地域)の近代化がにわかにクローズアップされるようになった。これらの地域は周辺から半周辺の地位へと目覚ましい発展を遂げたわけであるが、半周辺は中心(中核)に収奪されながらも周辺を収奪するという中間的媒介項であると同時に、資本主義世界経済のなかである程度の自己維持的成長を遂げた点で注目される。 [濱嶋 朗] 『M・ウィーナー編、上林良一・竹前栄治訳『近代化の理論』(1968・法政大学出版局)』▽『R・N・ベラー著、堀一郎・池田昭訳『日本近代化と宗教倫理――日本近世宗教論』(1962・未来社)』▽『カー、ダンロップ、ハービソン、マイヤーズ著、中山伊知郎監修、川田寿訳『インダストリアリズム――工業化における経営者と労働』(1963・東洋経済新報社)』▽『富永健一著『社会変動の理論――経済社会学的研究』(1965・岩波書店)』▽『W・W・ロストウ著、木村健康・久保まち子・村上泰亮訳『増補 経済成長の諸段階』(1974・ダイヤモンド社)』▽『I・ウォーラーステイン著、川北稔訳『近代世界システムⅠ――農業資本主義と「ヨーロッパ経済」の成立』(1981・岩波書店)』▽『I・ウォーラーステイン著、川北稔訳『史的システムとしての資本主義』(1985・岩波書店)』▽『I・ウォーラーステイン著、藤瀬浩司他訳『資本主義世界経済Ⅰ――中核と周辺の不平等』(1987・名古屋大学出版会)』▽『A・ギデンズ著、松尾精文・小幡正敏訳『近代とはいかなる時代か?――モダニティの帰結』(1993・而立書房)』▽『三上剛史著『ポスト近代の社会学』(1993・世界思想社)』▽『千石好郎編『モダンとポストモダン――現代社会学からの接近』(1994・法律文化社)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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