Execution - execution

Japanese: 行刑 - ぎょうけい

In a broad sense, it refers to the execution of imprisonment, death penalty, detention, and other prison services in prisons, juvenile prisons, and detention houses, and in a narrow sense, it refers to the execution of prison services related to imprisonment, especially those related to the treatment of prisoners. Penal administration is divided into judicial and administrative aspects. The judicial aspect refers to the execution of a sentence finalized by a verdict under the direction and supervision of a prosecutor, and is an aspect that should be guided by the idea of legal stability. Traditionally, based on the theory of special power relations, the state and prisoners were in a relationship of domination and submission, and the freedom given to prisoners was considered a blessing from the state. However, currently, the relationship between the two is viewed as one of legal rights and obligations, and efforts are being made to clarify the legal status of prisoners by determining by law the limits of the restrictions on freedom (the scope of the state's penal power) associated with detention (and the imposition of fixed-term labor in the case of imprisonment). In contrast, the administrative aspect is an aspect that should be guided by the idea of purposefulness, that is, carrying out purposeful activities within the framework of permitted restrictions on freedom, and in particular, the need to introduce scientific techniques such as medicine, psychology, and sociology for the improvement and rehabilitation of prisoners is emphasized. After the war, the administrative aspect was particularly emphasized, and the word "correction" came to be widely used instead of "penal administration."

[Shuichi Susuki]

correction

It is the removal of mental and physical disabilities from criminals and delinquent youths and helping them adapt to social life. Although it mainly refers to treatment within an institution, it is a broader concept than penal administration in that it includes treatment in juvenile prisons, juvenile classification homes, and women's guidance homes. In penal administration, the demand for purposefulness often conflicts with the demand for legal stability, and tends to violate that framework, so recently there has been talk of judicialization of penal administration, and countries such as Italy and France have adopted a system of penal supervision judges. Incidentally, American states have adopted indefinite sentences and have consistently maintained the idea of purposefulness in their systems, but doubts have arisen about the effectiveness of improvements through scientific technology, and recently there has been an attempt to place emphasis on the framework of legal stability.

[Shuichi Susuki]

[Reference] | Imprisonment

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

広義では、刑務所・少年刑務所・拘置所で行う自由刑・死刑・勾留(こうりゅう)などの執行その他の監獄業務の執行をいい、狭義では、自由刑にかかわる監獄業務、とくに受刑者の処遇に関する監獄業務の執行をいう。行刑は司法的側面と行政的側面とに区別される。司法的側面とは、判決で確定された刑を検察官の指揮・監督により執行することをいい、法的安定性の理念によって指導されるべき側面である。従来は、特別権力関係の理論によって、国家と受刑者は支配―服従の関係にあり、受刑者に与えられる自由は国家の恩恵であると考えられた。しかし現在は、両者の関係を法律上の権利・義務関係としてとらえ、拘禁（懲役の場合定役の賦科も）に伴う自由制約の限界（国家刑罰権の範囲）を法律によって定めて、受刑者の法的地位を明確にする努力が払われている。これに対し行政的側面とは、許容される自由制約の枠内で目的活動を遂行するという合目的性の理念によって指導されるべき側面であって、とくに受刑者の改善更生のために、医学・心理学・社会学などの科学的技術の導入の必要性が強調される。戦後はとくに行政的側面が重視され、行刑にかえて「矯正」という語も広く用いられている。

［須々木主一］

矯正

犯罪者および非行少年の心身の障害を除去し、社会生活に適応させるようにすることである。おもに施設内処遇をさすが、少年院、少年鑑別所、婦人補導院における処遇を含む点で、行刑よりも広い概念である。行刑においては、合目的性の要請がしばしば法的安定性の要請と対立し、その枠を破りがちなので、最近では行刑の司法化ということが説かれており、イタリア、フランスなどでは行刑監督判事の制度を採用している。なお、アメリカ諸州では、不定期刑を採用し、制度的に合目的性の理念を一貫させてきたが、科学的技術による改善への疑問がおこり、最近では法的安定性の枠を重視しようとしている。

［須々木主一］

[参照項目] | 自由刑

出典　小学館　日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について　情報 | 凡例

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