Textbook Certification System - Authorization of textbooks

Japanese: 教科書検定制度 - きょうかしょけんていせいど(英語表記)authorization of textbooks
Textbook Certification System - Authorization of textbooks
A system that sets certain standards for textbooks to be used in schools and certifies their use. In Japan, there is a national certification system for textbooks for elementary, middle, and high schools. In the past, textbooks in Japan were freely adopted, but after the open application system (1881), the approval system (1883), and the certification system (1986), it became a national system in 1903. However, after World War II, the School Education Law was enacted in 1947 and the certification system was restored. In other words, elementary, middle, and high schools and schools equivalent to them must use textbooks that have been certified by the Minister of Education (current Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology) or whose works are owned by the Ministry of Education (current Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology) (Articles 21 and 40 of the School Education Law, etc.). Therefore, anyone who wants to publish a textbook must have it certified by the Minister of Education and pass it before publishing. This system is very similar in nature to "censorship" prohibited by the Constitution (Article 21, Clause 2), in that it requires prior review by an administrative agency before textbook publication. As a result, in 1965, 1967, and 1984, historian Ienaga Saburo filed lawsuits against the textbook certification system (the so-called textbook trials), which challenged the textbook certification system in relation to freedom of expression, academic freedom, and even the independence of the right to education and freedom of education, and became a hot topic and a source of debate. In 1982, the textbook certification system was criticized by China, Korea, and other countries for changing Japan's "invasion" of Asia during World War II to "advancement." As a result, the Ministry of Education, which was in the process of doing so, decided to make some of the certification results public in 1983, and in 1989 attempted to simplify the certification system.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
学校で使用する教科書に対して,一定の基準を設けて審査し,その使用を認定する制度。日本では小,中,高等学校の教科書に対して国の検定制度が設けられている。日本の教科書は古くは自由採択であったが,その後開申制度 (1881) ,認可制度 (83) ,検定制度 (86) を経て 1903年には国定制度となった。しかし,第2次世界大戦後の 47年,学校教育法の制定により再び検定制度となった。すなわち,小,中,高等学校およびそれらに準じる諸学校においては,文部大臣 (現文部科学大臣) の検定を経た,または文部省 (現文部科学省) が著作の名義を有する教科用図書を使用しなければならないことになっている (学校教育法 21,40条など) 。したがって教科書を出版しようとする者は,出版に先立って文部大臣の検定を受け,これに合格しなければならない。この制度は,教科書出版について事前に行政庁の審査に服させるものである点で,憲法が禁じている「検閲」 (21条2項) ときわめて類似した性格をもっている。そのため 65年,67年,84年には歴史学者家永三郎による教科書検定違憲訴訟 (いわゆる教科書裁判) が起り,教科書検定制が表現の自由,学問の自由,さらには教育権の独立,教育の自由などとの関連で争われ,話題と論議を呼んだ。また 82年には,第2次世界大戦時のアジア「侵略」を「進出」としたことで,中国や韓国などから抗議を受け,検定制度に対する批判が巻起った。そのため当時の文部省は,83年に検定結果の一部公開性に踏切り,89年には検定制度の簡素化をはかった。

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