An angle that indicates the degree of protrusion of the chin when viewed from the side. When we look at the profile of humans at each evolutionary stage, we see a variety of angles, from a protruding chin to a straight chin where the mouth barely protrudes. In the late 18th century, Dutch anatomist Pieter Camper (1722-89) came up with this angle as one of the markers to indicate racial differences. It is the angle between the line that connects the base of the nasal septum from the space between the eyebrows to the bottom of the nose, and the line that connects the base of the nasal septum to the ear hole when viewed from the side. He measured this angle for many people in the port of Amsterdam in the Netherlands, where people of all races from all over the world gather, and also measured the profile of people depicted in ancient paintings. As a result, he claimed that the facial angle of black people is smaller than that of white people and resembles that of monkeys. This observation is easy to understand for the general public, so it has been cited in many racial theories. However, this idea is simply lining up each race and each primate on a straight line, without considering the meaning of the numbers, and tends to exaggerate and lead to racial discrimination. Therefore, today's anthropologists only use it as an item to describe the shape of the skull. In addition to the above, other methods of measuring facial angles include the total side angle, the nasal side angle, and the alveolar side angle. [Shise Kahara] [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
顎部(がくぶ)の突出程度を横顔からみて表した角度。各進化段階にある人類の横顔をみると、顎部が前突している突顎から、口元がほとんど突出していない直顎まで、さまざまなものがある。そこで、18世紀後半にオランダの解剖学者カンペールPieter Camper(1722―89)が、人種の差異を示す標識の一つとして考案した。それは、横顔からみて、眉間(みけん)から鼻の下で鼻中隔の付け根を結ぶ直線と、同じく鼻中隔の付け根と耳の穴とを結ぶ直線との間の角度である。彼は、世界各地の諸人種が群れ集うオランダのアムステルダム港で、多くの人々についてこの角度を計測し、また、古代の絵画に描かれている人物の横顔についても計測した。その結果、黒人の顔面角は白人のそれより小さく、猿類に似ていると主張した。この観察は一般には理解しやすいため、多くの人種論に引用された。しかし、この考え方は、各人種と各種霊長類を単純に一直線上に並べたにすぎず、その数字の意味するところを考えず、また誇張して人種差別に結び付けるきらいがある。そのため今日の人類学者は、ただ頭骨の形態を記述する項目としてのみ用いる。顔面角を測る方法としては、上述の他に全側面角、鼻側面角、歯槽側面角などが考案されている。 [香原志勢] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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