Church calendar - Kyokaireki (English)

Japanese: 教会暦 - きょうかいれき(英語表記)Church calendar
Church calendar - Kyokaireki (English)

The church's unique calendar was created to commemorate the salvation of Christ's life on a yearly cycle. The structure varies from church to church, but in the Catholic Church, it is called the liturgical calendar, and is structured as follows:

A year is divided into the periods of Advent, when we await the birth of Christ, Nativity, when we celebrate his birth, Lent, when we prepare for Easter, Easter, when we celebrate his resurrection, and the rest of the year.

The biggest Christian holiday is generally thought to be the Nativity, or Christmas, but the biggest holiday in the church is Easter, which celebrates Christ's completion of the work of salvation through his death on the cross and his resurrection from the dead. The week before the great feast of Easter is called Holy Week, during which the Last Supper is celebrated on Holy Thursday, His Passion and Death on Good Friday and Holy Saturday, and the Resurrection on the following Sunday. In the general social calendar, the various holidays lack any connection to each other, but in the church calendar, the winter is dedicated to the birth of Christ and the Holy Family, the spring to the Passion, Crucifixion, Resurrection, and Pentecost, the summer to the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, and the autumn to the saints and dead in heaven who were saved by Christ's merits, and are structured so that Christians can adjust their daily lives to the life of Christ and the history of the church.

The period outside the four liturgical seasons, the "Year" spans the feast of the Baptism of the Lord and the feast of Christ the King, and is a period of 34 weeks during which preparations for each holy season are made and many saints who have been canonized in the Church are commemorated.

In the Church, Holy Mass is celebrated not only on Sundays, but every day in accordance with the celebration or commemoration of that day, and the Bible readings for each day of Mass are determined according to an annual cycle. The Sunday readings are allocated on a three-year cycle, and those for weekdays on a two-year cycle, so that believers and seekers can come into contact with the richness of both the Old and New Testaments according to the day.

The celebration of the Holy Mass is constant, so that it appears as if the same celebration is repeated every day or every Sunday, but its content is offered anew each day according to the Church (liturgical) calendar.

[Shin Anzai]

"The Liturgical Calendar and Church Locations" compiled and published by the Catholic Central Council (published annually)""The Liturgical Calendar and the Bible Readings for Daily Mass" compiled by the Bishops' Committee for the Liturgy (published annually, Catholic Central Council)"

[References] | Christmas | Lent | Easter

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

キリストの救いの生涯を1年間の周期に当てはめて、日々これを記念するようにつくられた教会独特の暦。教会によってその構成はさまざまであるが、カトリック教会ではこれを典礼暦とよび、以下のような構成になっている。

 1年は、キリストの降誕を待ち望む「待降節(たいこうせつ)」、その誕生を祝う「降誕節」、キリストの復活祭を迎える準備の「四旬節」、復活を祝う「復活節」の期間と、それ以外の「年間」の時期に区分される。

 キリスト教のもっとも大きな祝日は、一般には降誕祭、つまりクリスマスと思われているが、教会で最大の祝日は、キリストが十字架の死によって救いのわざを完成し、死からよみがえったことを祝う復活祭である。復活の大祝日の前の週は聖週間とよばれるが、そのなかでも聖木曜日は最後の晩餐(ばんさん)、聖金曜日と聖土曜日は受難と死去、そして続く日曜日に復活が盛大に祝われるのである。一般社会の暦ではそれぞれの祝日も連関性を欠くが、教会の暦では、冬にはキリストの誕生と聖家族、春にはキリストの受難と十字架の死と復活と聖霊降臨祭、夏には聖母マリアの被昇天祭、秋にはキリストの功徳(くどく)によって救われた天国の諸聖人と諸死者を記念する、というように連関して、キリスト信者がキリストの生涯と教会の歴史に日々の生活をあわせるように構成されている。

 四つの典礼季節以外の時期である「年間」は「主の洗礼」の祝日から「王であるキリスト」の祝日までにまたがる期間で、34週にわたり、それぞれの聖節への準備が行われ、また教会で聖人の位にあげられた多くの聖人たちの記念が行われる。

 教会では主日(しゅじつ)(日曜日)ばかりでなく、毎日その日の祝いや記念にあわせて、ミサ聖祭が捧(ささ)げられ、1年の周期のなかで、毎日のミサの聖書朗読の箇所が決められているが、主日の朗読箇所は3年周期、週日のものは2年周期に配分され、それぞれの日にあわせて、信者や求道者が旧約・新約両聖書の豊かさに触れるように考慮されている。

 ミサ聖祭の祭式は一定しているので、毎日もしくは主日に同じ祭式が繰り返されているようにみえるが、その内容は教会暦(典礼暦)に従って日々これ新たに捧げられているのである。

[安齋 伸]

『カトリック中央協議会編・刊『典礼暦教会所在地』(毎年刊行)』『典礼司教委員会編『典礼暦と毎日のミサの聖書朗読』(毎年刊行・カトリック中央協議会)』

[参照項目] | クリスマス | 四旬節 | 復活祭

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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