Balanced budget; balanced finance

Japanese: 均衡予算主義 - きんこうよさんしゅぎ(英語表記)balanced budget; balanced finance
Balanced budget; balanced finance
The position that budget expenditures and income should be equal in a fiscal year. Also called balanced budgetism. It is a fundamental position of 19th century fiscal scholars that considers deficit budgeting through the issuance of government bonds to be evil. It originates from a view of finance based on trust in market mechanisms, common to both classical and neoclassical schools. If the government does not actively intervene in economic fluctuations accompanied by unemployment and leaves it to the market, the self-adjusting mechanism will eventually bring about harmony. Since the role of finance is rather to supply public goods and redistribute income, it was thought that expenditures should be measured according to income. However, the high unemployment rate caused by the Great Depression that began in 1929 was difficult to resolve, and as the limitations of market mechanisms were demonstrated, the positive role of finance was reconsidered. In an economic state where involuntary unemployment is not resolved in the short term, the government should revive the economy by creating effective demand through deficit budgeting. Thus, balanced budgetism retreated with the emergence of Keynesian economics.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
予算の支出と収入が一会計年度において一致すべきであるという立場。均衡財政主義ともいう。公債発行による赤字財政を悪とするものであり,19世紀の財政学者の基本的な立場であった。それは古典学派と新古典学派に共通したマーケット・メカニズムに対する信頼に基づいた財政観に由来する。失業を伴う景気変動に対して政府は積極的に介入することなく市場に任せておけば,その自動調整メカニズムによっていずれ調和がおとずれるというもの。財政の役割は,むしろ公共財の供給や所得再分配にあるのだから,収入に応じた支出をはかればよいと考えられた。しかし 1929年に始る世界恐慌による高失業率はなかなか解消せず,マーケット・メカニズムの限界が示されるにおよんで,財政の積極的な役割が見直されるにいたった。短期的に解消されない非自発的失業が存在する経済状態では,政府が赤字財政によって有効需要を創出することで景気を回復すべきである。このようにして均衡予算主義は,ケインズ経済学の登場とともに後退してしまった。

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