Polar coordinates

Japanese: 極座標 - きょくざひょう
Polar coordinates

Coordinates expressing a point on a plane by the distance r from a fixed point O and the deviation angle θ from a fixed half line OX. O is called the origin and OX is called the base line. The part of the plane excluding the origin O and {(r,θ) | 0<r, 0≦θ<2π}
Since there is a one-to-one correspondence between x,y and r,θ, strictly speaking, polar coordinates are not a coordinate system for the entire plane, but a coordinate system for the part of the plane excluding one point.

In polar coordinates, the equation of a line that does not pass through the origin O is given by rcos(θ-α)=p (α and p are constants). Additionally, the equation of a line that passes through the origin is given by θ=q (q is a constant). The equation of a circle of radius a centered at the origin is r=a, and the equation of a circle of radius a centered on the primitive line and passing through the origin is r=2acosθ. The distance between two points with polar coordinates (r 11 ) and (r 22 ) is,

It is.

A point in space can be expressed as (r,θ,). This (r,θ,) is called the polar coordinate of the space, and O is called the origin. The part of the space excluding the z-axis is {(r,θ,) | 0<r, -π/2<θ<π/2, 0≦<2π}
Since there is a one-to-one correspondence between x,y,z and r,θ, the polar coordinates are not strictly speaking a coordinate system for the entire space, but a coordinate system for the part of the space that excludes the straight line.

A relationship like this is established.

[Koichi Ogiue]

Polar Coordinates
©Shogakukan ">

Polar Coordinates


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

平面上の点を、定点Oからの距離rと定半直線OXからの偏角θとによって表す座標。Oを原点、OXを原線という。平面から原点Oを除いた部分と
  {(r,θ) | 0<r, 0≦θ<2π}
とが一対一に対応するから、厳密には極座標は平面全体の座標系ではなく、平面から1点を除いた部分における座標系である。直交座標(x,y)と極座標(r,θ)との間には、

なる関係が成り立つ。極座標では原点Oを通らない直線の方程式はrcos(θ-α)=pで与えられる(αとpは定数)。また、原点を通る直線の方程式はθ=q(qは定数)で与えられる。原点を中心とする半径aの円の方程式はr=aで、また、原線上に中心をもち原点を通る半径aの円の方程式はr=2acosθである。極座標が(r11),(r22)である2点間の距離は、

である。

 空間の点を(r,θ,)で表すことができる。この(r,θ,)を空間の極座標といい、Oを原点という。空間からz軸を除いた部分と
  {(r,θ,) | 0<r, -π/2<θ<π/2, 0≦<2π}
とが1対1に対応するから、厳密には極座標は空間全体の座標系ではなく、空間から一直線を除いた部分における座標系である。直交座標(x,y,z)と極座標(r,θ,)との間には、

なる関係が成り立つ。

[荻上紘一]

極座標
©Shogakukan">

極座標


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