A machine gun is a fully automatic gun that uses rifle ammunition and fires bullets continuously while the trigger is pulled. It is usually mounted on a tripod, bipod, vehicle, or aircraft to stabilize it when used and fired. Machine guns are guns that use rifle ammunition with a caliber of up to about 12 mm, while guns that use larger caliber ammunition are called machine guns. Among fully automatic guns, those that are rifle-shaped are called automatic rifles and are distinguished from machine guns. Modern military rifles, such as assault rifles, can fire fully automatically, but they are classified as automatic rifles and are not called machine guns. Guns that use handgun ammunition and can fire fully automatically are called submachine guns and are distinguished from machine guns. [Masami Tokoi] History of the development of machine gunsMachine guns were invented during the development of repeating guns. Early machine guns often had multiple barrels lined up and loaded with ammunition before firing. Various types were tried, but the early machine guns were external force machine guns that fired multiple rounds by turning a handle or moving a lever to supply ammunition. Representative external force machine guns include the Gatling gun, which fires multiple rounds by rotating a handle on the mechanism to rotate the barrels arranged in a concentric circle, the Hotchkiss machine gun, which has a structure very similar to the Gatling gun, the Gardner machine gun with two barrels, the Agar machine gun with one barrel, and the Nordenfeld machine gun, which has three to five barrels arranged horizontally. The Gatling gun was invented in 1861 by the American Richard J. Gatling (1818-1903) and manufactured by the American Colt Company. Today, machine guns and guns with a structure similar to the Gatling gun continue to be used as aircraft armament guns and anti-aircraft guns, but have been modified to be powered by electric motors to achieve a high rate of fire. With the exception of the Gatling gun, external force machine guns have largely disappeared as more efficient mechanically operated machine guns were invented and developed subsequently. After cartridges were invented and popularized around the end of the 19th century, the development of machine guns became a field of competitive research among firearms inventors, along with the development of self-loading rifles and self-loading pistols. Three engineers who played particularly important roles in the development of early modern machine guns were Hiram S. Maxim, who was born in the United States and worked in the United Kingdom; Benjamin A. Hotchkiss, a former United States Ordnance Works engineer working in Paris; and John M. Browning, an American. In addition to these three engineers, many other countries were developing machine guns, but with a few exceptions such as Andreas Schwarzlose of Austria and W. O. Madsen of Denmark, they had little commercial success. The machine gun invented by Maxim uses the recoil that acts on the barrel when fired to move an inchworm-shaped bolt inside the mechanism back and forth, expelling the fired cartridge, and then extracting the ammunition connected by a belt and sending it into the barrel, allowing for continuous firing. The machine gun invented by Hotchkiss was designed so that some of the gas used when firing was taken from halfway down the barrel and directed into a cylinder, and the pressure of this gas moved a piston, moving the bolt inside the mechanism back and forth to eject the fired cartridge. It then removed the ammunition on a metal plate and sent it back into the barrel, allowing the gun to continue firing. The Browning machine gun also uses the recoil generated when firing. The barrel moves back slightly to activate the bolt, which then moves back and forth to eject the fired cartridge, and feeds the ammunition on the belt into the barrel for rapid fire. The structure developed by Maxim and Browning is called a recoil-operated machine gun, while the structure developed by Hotchkiss is called a gas-operated machine gun. Modern machine guns are also designed in one of two ways: recoil-operated or gas-operated. Machine guns developed before the start of World War I were heavy, with large cooling fins around the barrel to dissipate heat during long periods of firing, and a cylindrical case to hold water, so they were usually mounted on a tripod and used for defense. World War I saw the need for lightweight machine guns that could advance while firing alongside soldiers. These machine guns did not have the large fins around the barrel or water cooling devices that were used for heat dissipation. The lighter machine guns were equipped with lightweight bipods and box magazines that were easy to handle. In contrast to conventional machine guns, lightweight offensive machine guns were named light machine guns. At the same time, heavy defensive machine guns equipped with conventional tripods came to be called heavy machine guns. However, some countries' militaries call those that use larger caliber ammunition than infantry rifle ammunition heavy machine guns. In World War II, Germany used the same machine gun body to manufacture the MG34 and MG42 machine guns, which could be used for both defense and attack, and deployed them on the front lines. Machine guns that could be combined for multiple purposes were called system machine guns, and had a major influence on subsequent machine gun designs. In terms of production technology, the MG42 machine gun was produced by pressing steel plates to manufacture many parts, which increased productivity, and this also had a major influence on subsequent machine gun designs. Machine guns were first developed for infantry and shipboard use, but later, as automobiles, tanks, and aircraft began to be used as weapons, improved versions of machine guns were produced to be mounted on them. Machine guns mounted on automobiles and armored vehicles are called vehicle-mounted machine guns. For aircraft, there are in-wing fixed aviation machine guns that are fixed inside the wing and fired by remote control, and rotating aviation machine guns that are mounted on the cockpit or fuselage and can be freely turned to fire. After World War II, assault rifles, which could fire automatically like machine guns, became common as personal armaments for infantry units. As a result, the smallest unit of infantry, the squad, needed a lightweight machine gun to support its allies. A new type of lightweight machine gun that uses assault rifle ammunition developed for this purpose is called a squad support weapon, or squad support machine gun. Squad support machine guns are conceptually the same as the light machine guns used during World War I, but are much lighter in weight to reduce the burden on soldiers, and are designed to use the assault rifle magazines carried by ordinary soldiers. [Masami Tokoi] History of the development of Japanese machine gunsThe use of machine guns in Japan began with the import of a small number of manual Gatling guns from the United States at the end of the Edo period. During the Russo-Japanese War, Hotchkiss machine guns were imported from France and used. Later, the Hotchkiss machine gun was copied and domestically produced in Japan, and in 1905 (Meiji 38), the Type 38 machine gun with a caliber of 6.5 mm became the official machine gun. In 1914 (Taisho 3), the Type 3 machine gun, which Japan had independently improved and developed based on the Hotchkiss machine gun, became the official machine gun. The Type 3 machine gun was further developed and improved, and in 1932 (Showa 7 = Imperial calendar 2592) became the Type 92 machine gun. In 1941 (Showa 16 = Imperial calendar 2601), an improved machine gun with improved productivity and reduced weight from the Type 92 machine gun was designated as the Type 1 machine gun. However, due to the outbreak of war with the United States, mass production of existing weapons took priority, and mass production of the Type 1 machine gun was shelved. Light machine guns include the Type 11 light machine gun, which had a caliber of 6.5 mm, which was enacted in 1922 (Taisho 11). In 1936 (Showa 11 = Imperial calendar 2596), the easy-to-use Type 96 light machine gun was enacted, and in 1939 (Showa 14 = Imperial calendar 2599), the Type 99 light machine gun, which was based on the Type 96 light machine gun but had a larger caliber of 7.7 mm, was enacted and supplied. As dedicated machine guns for mounting on tanks and armored vehicles, the Type 91 vehicle-mounted machine gun (1931 = Imperial calendar 2591), which was an improved version of the Type 11 light machine gun, and the Type 97 vehicle-mounted machine gun (1937 = Imperial calendar 2597), which was based on the Czech ZB light machine gun, were manufactured and supplied. After the Second World War, when the Self-Defense Forces were established, they were initially armed with Browning machine guns that were similar to those used by the US military. Later, the momentum for domestic weapon production increased, and Japan Special Steel took the lead in designing domestic machine guns, which became the official Type 62 machine gun for the Self-Defense Forces in 1962 (Showa 37). Currently, the Type 62 machine gun and the FN Minimi machine gun, originally designed by the Belgian company FN, are licensed and supplied to the Self-Defense Forces as squad support machine guns. [Masami Tokoi] [References] | | | | | |[M60-GPMG] Caliber: 7.62mm Rate of fire: 550 rounds/minute Ammunition feeding method: Belt type [Operation mechanism] (1) Loading When the trigger is pulled, the operating rod is released and the gun moves forward due to the force of the spring. At the same time, the ammunition is fed into the chamber. (2) Locking When the ammunition is fully loaded, the upper locking lug of the bolt rotates 90 degrees, completing the closing of the chamber. (3) Firing The firing pin inside the bolt (breech bolt) fires the gun. When the bullet passes the gas port, gas flows into the cylinder, moving the piston, and the operating rod unlocks the bolt and moves it back. ©Shogakukan "> The structure and operation of a machine gun Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
機関銃(マシンガン)は、小銃用の弾薬を使用し、引き金を引いている間、連続して弾丸を発射し続ける全自動連射(フルオートマチック)銃をいう。通常、三脚や二脚、車両や航空機などに装着し、安定させて使用・射撃する。機関銃とよばれるのは、小銃弾薬を使用する口径12ミリ程度のものまでで、それより大きな口径の弾薬を使用するものを機関砲とよぶ。全自動連射銃のなかで、小銃の形をしているものは、自動小銃(オートマチック・ライフル)とよび区別する。現代の軍用小銃のアサルトライフル(突撃銃)は、全自動発射できるが、自動小銃に区分されて機関銃とはよばない。また、拳銃(けんじゅう)弾薬を使用して全自動連射のできる銃は、サブマシンガン(機関短銃/マシンピストル)とよび、マシンガンと区別される。 [床井雅美] 機関銃の発展史機関銃は、連発銃を開発するなかで発明された。初期の機関銃は、多数の銃身を並べて弾薬を装填(そうてん)射撃する形式をとるものが多かった。さまざまな形式が試されたが、初期の機関銃とよばれるものは、ハンドルを回したり、レバーを動かして弾薬の供給を行って連発する外力利用式機関銃だった。外力利用式機関銃の代表的なものに、機関部のハンドルを回転させて同心円に並べた銃身を回転させて連射するガットリングガン(ガットリング砲)、ガットリングガンとよく似た構造をもつホッチキス機関銃、2本の銃身を備えたガードナー機関銃、1本の銃身のアガー機関銃、水平に3~5本の銃身を並べたノーデンフェルト機関銃などがある。ガットリングガンは、アメリカのリチャード・J・ガットリング(1818―1903)が1861年に発明し、アメリカのコルト社によって製造された。現在も、航空機武装機関砲用や、対空機関砲として、ガットリングガンとよく似た構造の機関砲や機関銃が、高い連射の速度を得られるように電動モーター動力式に改良されて使用され続けている。ガットリングガンを除けば、外力利用機関銃は、続いて発明・開発された機械的に作動するより効率的な機関銃が出現すると、ほとんどが姿を消していった。 機関銃の開発は、19世紀末ごろに薬莢(やっきょう)が発明されて一般化されると、自動装填式小銃や、自動装填式拳銃などの開発と並び、銃器発明者が競って研究する分野となった。初期の近代機関銃の開発で、とくに重要な働きを示したのは、アメリカ生まれでイギリスで活動していたハイラム・S・マキシム、パリで活動していた元アメリカ造兵廠(ぞうへいしょう)技術者ベンジャミン・A・ホッチキス、そして、アメリカ人ジョン・M・ブローニングの3名だった。彼ら以外にも、多くの技術者が各国で機関銃の開発を進めていたが、オーストリアのアンドレアス・シュワルツローゼやデンマークのW・O・マドセンなどのわずかな例外を除くと、営業的にもほとんど成功しなかった。 マキシムの発明した機関銃は、発射する際に銃身に加わる反動を利用し、機関部内のシャクトリムシ型の遊底(ゆうてい)を前後動させ、発射済みの薬莢を排除し、続いてベルトで連結された弾薬を抜き取って銃身に送り、射撃を連続させる構造をもつ。 ホッチキスの発明した機関銃は、発射する際のガスの一部を、銃身の途中から取り出してシリンダーに導き、このガスの圧力でピストンを動かし、機関部内の遊底を前後動させて、発射済みの薬莢を排除、続いて金属製のプレート上の弾薬を抜き取って銃身に送り込み、射撃を継続させる構造をもつ。 ブローニングの機関銃も、発射する際の反動を利用する。わずかに後退する銃身で遊底を起動、前後動させて発射済みの薬莢を排除し、ベルトに連結された弾薬を銃身に送り込んで連射する構造をもつ。 マキシムやブローニングが開発した構造のものを反動利用式機関銃とよび、ホッチキスの開発した構造のものをガス圧利用式機関銃とよぶ。現代の機関銃も、反動利用式か、ガス圧利用式の、二つの構造のどちらかで設計されている。 第一次世界大戦が始まるまでに開発された機関銃は、長時間の射撃の放熱のため大きな冷却フィンや、水を入れる円筒型ケースを銃身の周囲に備えて重いため、三脚の上に装備させて防衛用に使用するのが普通だった。第一次世界大戦では兵士とともに射撃しながら前進できる軽量な機関銃が求められて製造された。これら機関銃は、従来の放熱効果のための銃身周囲の大型のフィンや水冷装置が省かれた。軽量化された機関銃は、軽量の二脚と取り扱いの楽な箱形弾倉を装備させた。従来の機関銃に対し、軽量の攻撃用機関銃は、軽機関銃(ライトマシンガン)と名づけられた。同時に、従来の三脚を装備した重い防衛用の機関銃は重機関銃とよばれるようになった。しかし、国によっては歩兵小銃弾薬より大口径の弾薬を使用するものを重機関銃とよぶ軍隊もある。 ドイツは、第二次世界大戦になると、同じ機関銃の本体を利用し、防衛用と攻撃用に兼用できるMG34機関銃やMG42機関銃を製造し、戦線に投入した。組み合わせて多目的に使用できる機関銃は、システム機関銃と名づけられ、その後の機関銃の設計に大きな影響を与えた。MG42機関銃は生産技術的にも鋼板をプレス加工して多くの部品を製造し生産性が高められており、この点もその後の機関銃設計に大きな影響を与えた。 初め歩兵用や艦載用として開発された機関銃だったが、その後自動車、戦車、航空機などが兵器として使用されるようになると、それらに搭載する改良型の機関銃が製作されるようになった。自動車、装甲車などに装備される機関銃を、車載機関銃という。航空機搭載用には、翼の中に固定してリモートコントロールで射撃する翼内固定航空機関銃と、操縦席や機体に装備して自由に向きを変えて射撃できる旋回航空機関銃がある。 第二次世界大戦後、歩兵部隊の個人武装として、機関銃と同じ全自動連射のできる突撃銃が一般化した。このため、歩兵の最小単位である分隊にも、味方分隊を支援する軽量な機関銃が必要になった。この目的で開発された突撃銃の弾薬を使用する新型の軽量機関銃が、分隊支援火器、または分隊支援機関銃とよばれる。分隊支援機関銃は、第一次世界大戦中の軽機関銃と発想的に同じだが、兵士の負担を軽減させるため重量がはるかに軽く、一般兵士の持つ突撃銃の弾倉も使用できるよう工夫されている。 [床井雅美] 日本の機関銃の発展史日本における機関銃は、江戸時代末期に少量の手動式ガットリングガンがアメリカから輸入されたことに始まる。日露戦争には、フランスからホッチキス機関銃が輸入されて使用された。のちにホッチキス機関銃は日本でコピーされて国産化され、1905年(明治38)に口径6.5ミリの三八式機関銃として制式機関銃になった。1914年(大正3)、ホッチキス機関銃を見本として日本が独自に改良開発した三年式機関銃が制式となる。三年式機関銃はさらに発展改良され、1932年(昭和7=皇紀2592)に九二式機関銃になった。1941年(昭和16=皇紀2601)には、九二式機関銃の生産性を向上し軽量化された改良型機関銃が、一式機関銃として制定された。しかし、アメリカと開戦したため、既成の兵器の量産が優先され一式機関銃の量産は見送られた。 軽機関銃としては、1922年(大正11)に制定された口径6.5ミリの十一年式軽機関銃がある。1936年(昭和11=皇紀2596)には、操作性のよい九六式軽機関銃が制定され、さらに1939年(昭和14=皇紀2599)には、九六式軽機関銃を原型に、口径を7.7ミリに大きくした九九式軽機関銃が制定され供給された。 戦車や装甲車などに装備する専用機関銃としては、十一年式軽機関銃を原型に改良した九一式車載機関銃(1931年=皇紀2591制定)や、チェコのZB軽機関銃を原型とする九七式車載機関銃(1937年=皇紀2597制定)が製造供給された。 第二次世界大戦後、自衛隊が創設されると、初めアメリカ軍の装備に準じたブローニング機関銃などで武装した。その後国産兵器生産の気運が高まり、日本特殊鋼が中心になって国産機関銃が設計され、国産機関銃は1962年(昭和37)に62式機関銃として自衛隊の制式となった。現在、自衛隊はこの62式機関銃と、分隊支援機関銃としてベルギーFN社原案のFNミニミ機関銃が、ライセンス生産され供給されている。 [床井雅美] [参照項目] | | | | | |【M60-GPMG】口径:7.62mm発射速度:550発/分給弾方式:ベルト式〔作動の仕組み〕(1)装弾 引き金を引くとオペレーティングロッドが解放され、スプリングの力で前進する。同時に弾薬は薬室に送り込まれる。(2)閉鎖 弾薬が完全に送り込まれるとボルトの上部ロッキングラグが90度回転し、薬室の閉鎖を完了する。(3)撃発 ボルト(遊底)内の撃針により撃発がおこる。弾頭がガスポートを通過すると、ガスがシリンダーに流れ込み、ピストンが移動し、オペレーティングロッドがボルトの閉鎖を解き後退させる©Shogakukan"> 機関銃の構造と作動の仕組み 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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