Cone - Kyuka

Japanese: 球果 - きゅうか
Cone - Kyuka

A general term for the fruits of so-called coniferous trees, such as gymnosperms of the Pinaceae, Cypress, Cupressaceae, and Juniperaceae families. These plants are monoecious, with many female flowers in a spiral on one axis in the Pinaceae and Cypress families, and several flowers in pairs in the Cupressaceae family. When these female flowers mature, they produce many woody scales on the axis, which, as a whole, are spherical or ellipsoidal, and are therefore called cones. In the case of Pinaceae plants in particular, the cones are called "matsukasa."

The scales of a cone open and close due to drying and wetting, and the exposed seeds on the scales are dispersed. When young, these scales are called seed scales, and have ovules on their upper surface. At the base of the lower side of the seed scale is a hydatid scale, which is small and separate in the Pinaceae family, but in Cryptomeria japonica and Verticillium kumquat, it is large and the seed scale and hydatid scale are fused. In other words, the scale is made up of these two things. Seed scales often become woody, but in the Juniper genus they are fleshy berries, and therefore they are sometimes called fleshy cones. In Japanese black pine, cones form the year after flowering.

[Osamu Yoshida]

Cedar cones
Woody and ovoid. Green at first, matures around October, splitting open to reveal winged seeds. 2-3cm long. ©Seishohmaru ">

Cedar cones

Cypress cones
They are almost spherical and initially green, but ripen to reddish brown in October and November. ©Seishohmaru ">

Cypress cones


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

裸子植物のマツ科、スギ科、ヒノキ科、ビャクシン科のような、いわゆる針葉樹類の果実を総称していう。これらの植物は雌雄異花で、マツ科やスギ科では多数の雌花が一つの軸上に螺旋(らせん)状につき、ヒノキ科では数個の花が2個ずつ対(つい)につく。この雌花が成熟すると、軸上に木質化した多くの鱗片(りんぺん)をつくり、全体としてこれが球状あるいは楕円(だえん)体状を呈するので球果という。とくにマツ科植物の場合に球果を「まつかさ」という。

 球果の鱗片は乾湿運動によって開閉し、鱗片の上について裸出している種子が散布される。この鱗片は若いときは種鱗(しゅりん)といい、この上面に胚珠(はいしゅ)がついている。種鱗の下側の基部に包鱗(ほうりん)があり、マツ科では小さく離生しているが、スギやコウヤマキでは大形で種鱗と包鱗は癒合している。つまり、鱗片はこの二つのものからできている。種鱗は多くの場合木質化するが、ネズ属では肉質の液果状で、そのためこれを肉質球果ということがある。クロマツでは開花の翌年に球果となる。

[吉田 治]

スギの球果
木質で卵状球形。初めは緑色だが、10月ごろ成熟し、裂開して翼のついた種子が現れる。長さ2~3cm©Seishohmaru">

スギの球果

ヒノキの球果
ほとんど球形で、初めは緑色であるが、10~11月に熟して赤褐色となる©Seishohmaru">

ヒノキの球果


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