Bureaucratic capital

Japanese: 官僚資本 - かんりょうしほん

It is contrasted with ethnic capital, a privileged form of capital in which high-ranking Chinese bureaucrats invested by using their positions. In China, as the ranks of bureaucrats expanded through the imperial examinations, they accumulated huge amounts of capital by investing in things like buying up goods, loan sharking, managing mines, and transporting military supplies. For example, Hesheng, a minister under Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty, owned a large amount of land and numerous financial institutions. In the second half of the 19th century, with the influx of foreign capital, bureaucratic investment in modern industry became active, and this continued into the Republic of China period, with the bureaucratization of the wealthy. Representative examples include the Westernization faction of bureaucrats in the late Qing Dynasty and the four great families of the Nationalist government (Chiang, Song, Kong, and Chen).

Source: Obunsha World History Dictionary, Third Edition About Obunsha World History Dictionary, Third Edition

Japanese:

中国の高級官僚が地位を利用して投資した特権的な資本形態
民族資本と対比される。中国において，科挙による官僚層の拡大とともに，彼らは物産の買い占めや高利貸・鉱山経営，軍需物資の輸送などに投資して，莫大な資本を蓄積した。例えば，清の乾隆 (けんりゆう) 帝の大臣和珅 (わしん) は巨大な土地と多数の金融機関を持っていた。19世紀後半，外国資本の流入とともに近代工業に対する官僚投資が活発となり，富豪の官僚化を伴って中華民国時代に及んだ。清末期の洋務派官僚，国民政府の四大家族（蔣・宋・孔・陳）などがその代表である。

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