It is the language of the Khmer people, mainly in Cambodia, but also in Thailand and Vietnam, and is also called Khmer. It is estimated that the number of speakers is about 8 to 9 million (1997). It is part of the Mon-Khmer family along with Vietnamese, Stieng and Banar languages found near the Vietnam-Cambodia border, Kuy and Rawa in Thailand, Khum in Laos, Hmong and Palaung in Burma, Sakai in Malaysia, and Khasi in India, and further, it is part of the Austroasiatic family along with Munda and Nicobarian languages in India. Inscriptions written in South Indian characters date back to the early 7th century, but they are mainly records of donations to temples and other structures and are lacking in content. Grammatically, it is a so-called isolated language, with no inflections such as case inflections of nouns, person, number, or tense conjugations of verbs, and word order and particles play a major role in the grammar. The basic word order is that the object comes after the verb, and the modifier comes after the word it modifies. It has a unique system of numerals, with the numbers 6 through 9 being expressed in quinary notation, such as 6=5+1 and 7=5+2, and there are also unique numerals for 4, 20, 40, and 400. In the past, numbers were expressed as 30=20+10, 50=40+10, and 60=20x3, but now loanwords from Thai are used. There is a contrast between tense and relaxed vowels, and there are many types of diphthongs and double consonants. The vocabulary is heavily borrowed from Sanskrit and Pali. In the past, word formation was achieved using prefixes and interjections, but now it has lost its ability to create new words and has become fossilized. [Yasuaki Sakamoto] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
カンボジアを中心に、タイ、ベトナムにも分布しているクメール人の言語で、クメール語ともよばれる。使用人口は約800万から約900万人(1997)と推定される。ベトナム語、ベトナム・カンボジア国境付近のスティエン語、バナル語、タイのクイ語、ラワ語、ラオスのクム語、ビルマのモン語、パラウン語、マレーシアのサカイ語、インドのカシ語などとともに、モン・クメール語族をなし、さらにインドのムンダ語、ニコバル語などとともにオーストロアジア語族を構成する。 南インド系の文字を使用し、7世紀初頭以来の碑文が残されているが、主として寺院などへの寄進の記録であって、内容には乏しい。 文法的にはいわゆる孤立語で、名詞の格変化、動詞の人称、数、時制活用などの語形変化はいっさいなく、語順と助辞が文法上大きな役割を果たす。基本的語順は、目的語は動詞の後ろ、修飾語句は被修飾語の後ろに置かれる。数詞が独特の体系を示し、6から9までは、6=5+1、7=5+2のように五進法、さらに4、20、40、400に固有の数詞がある。かつては30=20+10、50=40+10、60=20×3のような表し方をしたが、現在ではタイ語からの借用語を使用している。緊喉(きんこう)母音と弛喉(しこう)母音の対立があり、二重母音、二重子音の種類も多い。語彙(ごい)にはサンスクリット、パーリ語からの借用が多い。かつては前接辞や挿入辞による語形成を行ったが、現在では造語力を失い、化石化している。 [坂本恭章] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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