The effect of reducing the change in hydrogen ion concentration that occurs when an acid or base is added to a solution is called a buffer effect, and a solution that has this buffer effect is called a buffer solution or buffer solution. In 1909, Danish biochemist Søren Peter Lauritz Sørensen (1868-1939) was the first to discover that mixed solutions of hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, glycine, phosphoric acid, citric acid, boric acid, and their salts had a buffering effect, and created a buffer solution. Generally, it refers to a mixed solution of a weak acid and its salt, or a weak base and its salt, and is used when the hydrogen ion exponent (pH) of the solution must be kept constant. Some types of buffer solutions are also used as pH standard solutions when measuring pH. Let us take the example of a buffer solution formed by a mixture of acetic acid (CH 3 COOH) and sodium acetate (CH 3 COONa). For acetic acid, the dissociation equilibrium shown in equation (1) holds.
To prepare a buffer solution, a reagent must be selected that will buffer the desired pH range. Since there is sufficient buffering capacity in a pH range of 0.5 pH units around the pK a of the acid ( K a is the acid dissociation constant; like pH, pK a is the logarithm of the reciprocal of K a ), the desired buffer solution can be easily selected from the pK a value of the acid. The acid-base reagents used to prepare buffer solutions and their pK a values are shown in . Ammonia (NH3 ) is usually defined as having a base dissociation constant Kb : NH4OHNH4 + + OH- NH4 + + H2ONH4OH + H + The standard pH solutions are buffer solutions. The most commonly used acidic, neutral, and alkaline standard solutions are shown in . The standard definition of pH is pH = -log a (H 3 O + ), but since it is not possible to measure this value precisely, the measurable pH is now defined as follows. For each of two solutions with pH(s) and pH(x),
There are also buffer solutions named after people. shows the composition and buffer pH range of representative buffer solutions.[Yoshio Narusawa] "Selection and Application of Buffer Solutions: Hydrogen Ions and Metal Ions" by Douglas Dalzell Perrin and Boyd Dempsey, translated by Keiichi Tsuji (1981, Kodansha)" ▽ "Handbook of Analytical Chemistry, 3rd revised edition (1981, Maruzen) edited by the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry" ▽ "Handbook of Chemistry: Basics", 4th revised edition (1993, Maruzen) edited by the Chemical Society of Japan" ▽ "Guide to Physical Chemistry Experiments" edited by Ginya Adachi, Yasutaka Ishii, and Gohiro Yoshida (1993, Kagaku Dojin)" ▽ "Basic Analytical Chemistry, revised new edition by Kosuke Izutsu, Tomotaka Hori, Masato Sugiyama, Kaoru Fujinaga, and Taichiro Fujinaga (1994, Asakura Shoten)" ▽ "Quantitative Analysis" edited by the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry (1994, Asakura Shoten)" ▽ "P. Ritter, translated by Kazuo Sudo, Keiichi Yamamoto, and Fumio Arisaka, 'Ritter's Biochemistry' (1999, Tokyo Kagaku Dojin)" ▽ "Kunihiko Mizumachi, 'Acids and Bases' (2003, Shokabo)" ▽ "Yasuo Morimoto, 'The pH: What's yours?' (2003, Shinpusha)" [References] | | | | | | | | | | | |is the acid dissociation constant in an aqueous solution, and in principle, the value is at 25°C and ionic strength 0 mol dm. For bases, the acid dissociation constant is given as the acid dissociation constant of its conjugate acid. The Roman numerals I, II, and III in parentheses represent the first, second, and third dissociation, respectively . The pka values of major acids or conjugate acids (Table 1) ©Shogakukan "> Main standard solutions (Table 2) The numbers in parentheses for solutions A and B are the concentrations C/mol dm . ©Shogakukan Composition and pH range of major buffer solutions (Table 3) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
溶液に酸または塩基を加えた場合におこる水素イオン濃度の変化を小さくする作用を緩衝作用といい、この緩衝作用をもつ溶液を緩衝溶液あるいは緩衝液という。 1909年デンマークの生化学者セーレンセンSøren Peter Lauritz Sørensen(1868―1939)が、塩酸、水酸化ナトリウム、グリシンのほか、リン酸、クエン酸、ホウ酸などとその塩の混合溶液が緩衝作用をもつことを初めてみいだし、緩衝溶液をつくった。一般に弱酸とその塩、あるいは弱塩基とその塩の混合溶液をいい、溶液の水素イオン指数pHを一定に保つ必要がある場合に用いる。またある種の緩衝溶液はpH測定の際のpH標準溶液として用いられる。 酢酸CH3COOHおよび酢酸ナトリウムCH3COONaの混合溶液で生じる緩衝溶液を例にとる。酢酸については式(1)の解離平衡が成り立つ。
緩衝液を調製するには目的のpH領域を緩衝する試薬を選ばなければならない。酸のpKa(Kaは酸解離定数。pKaはpHと同じくKaの逆数の対数を表す)を中心にして前後0.5pH単位のpH範囲で十分な緩衝能があるので、酸のpKa値から目的の緩衝液を容易に選ぶことができる。緩衝液を調製するのに用いられる酸塩基試薬とpKa値を に示す。 アンモニアNH3は普通、塩基解離定数Kbが定義されている。すなわち NH4++H2ONH4OH+H+ pHの標準となる溶液は緩衝溶液である。現在もっともよく使われる酸性、中性、アルカリ性の標準溶液を に示す。 pHの標準については、定義はpH=-loga(H3O+)であるが、その値を厳密に測定することができないので、現在では次の方法で測定可能なpHを定義している。pH(s)とpH(x)の二つの溶液のそれぞれについて
なお、人名の付いた緩衝液が知られている。 に代表的な緩衝液の組成と緩衝pH領域を示す。[成澤芳男] 『ダグラス・ダルゼル・ペリン、ボイド・デンプシ著、辻啓一訳『緩衝液の選択と応用 水素イオン・金属イオン』(1981・講談社)』▽『日本分析化学会編『分析化学便覧』改訂3版(1981・丸善)』▽『日本化学会編『化学便覧 基礎編』改訂4版(1993・丸善)』▽『足立吟也・石井康敬・吉田郷弘編『物理化学実験のてびき』(1993・化学同人)』▽『伊豆津公佑・堀智孝・杉山雅人・藤永薫著、藤永太一郎編著『基礎分析化学』改訂新版(1994・朝倉書店)』▽『日本分析化学会編『定量分析』(1994・朝倉書店)』▽『P・リッター著、須藤和夫・山本啓一・有坂文雄訳『リッター生化学』(1999・東京化学同人)』▽『水町邦彦著『酸と塩基』(2003・裳華房)』▽『森本安夫著『ザ・ペーハー あなたのはいくつ?』(2003・新風舎)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | |は水溶液中の酸解離定数で、原則として25℃、イオン強度0mol・dmの値である。塩基についてはその共役酸の酸解離定数で与えてある。( )内のローマ数字Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲはそれぞれ第一、第二、第三解離を表す©Shogakukan"> おもな酸または共役酸のpkaの値〔表1… ©Shogakukan"> おもな標準溶液〔表2〕 A、B液の( )内は濃度C/mol・dm©Shogakukan"> おもな緩衝液の組成と緩衝pH領域〔表3… 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
<<: Emotional theory - Kanjoron
A test to diagnose lung diseases such as pulmonary...
A ballet company affiliated with the Paris Opera. ...
Also called reverse transcriptase. An enzyme that ...
…The representative buildings of this culture are...
…the central city of the Palestinian region. It i...
…When expressways intersect or connect with each ...
A peninsula-like region in the southwest of Great...
Soil that was formed in geologically ancient time...
...Especially after the Onin War, Noh plays such ...
…It can also be used to refer to an ideal world, ...
...The most important song composer of this perio...
A republic located in the southeastern part of Eu...
… [Toyokuni Hideo]. … *Some of the terminology th...
...It was only in the 20th century that it starte...
To pay a price or fee. Payment It's tiring.&qu...