In principle, currency and monetary systems have their own form unique to each country and circulate within that country, but when related countries adopt a common form of currency through an agreement or treaty for the convenience of commercial transactions, etc., it is called a monetary union. The contents of such agreements range from simply allowing the circulation of currency to adopting a common monetary unit, to gradually eliminating differences in monetary systems and ultimately aiming for a common currency and monetary system. The history of monetary unions is long, and their precursors can be seen in the circulation of accord silver coins called cistophori in cities in Asia Minor from the 2nd century BC to the 1st century BC. In medieval Europe, there was a monetary union between the cities of Lübeck and Hamburg in 1225, and a monetary union between cities along Lake Constance on the border between Germany and Switzerland in 1240. In modern times, the South German Monetary Union was established in 1837, with the Prussian mark as the common currency among the southern German countries, and the German-Austrian Monetary Union (Vienna Monetary Union) was established in 1857 between Germany and Austria. Furthermore, the famous Latin Monetary Union was established in 1865, and the Scandinavian Monetary Union (Nordic Monetary Union) in 1873. The former was formed by France, Belgium, Italy, and Switzerland with the aim of maintaining the bimetallic standard of gold and silver, and Greece joined in 1869, and continued to exist until 1925. The latter was first formed with Denmark when Sweden adopted the gold standard, and Norway joined in 1875, and continued to exist until 1924. After World War II, Europe moved forward with economic integration with the aim of establishing a common currency system, with the European Economic Community (EEC) established in 1958 and the European Community (EC) established in 1967. In 1979, the European Monetary System (EMS) was established, taking the first step toward monetary integration with the use of a common unit of account, the ECU. With the coming into force of the Maastricht Treaty in 1993, the EC became the European Union (EU), and a concrete schedule for monetary integration was made clear. In 1999, the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) was established, and the Euro, the single currency of the EU, was introduced, and in 2002, the switching to the Euro was completed in the member countries of the monetary integration. [Tsuchiya Rokuro] "European Monetary Union" by Yamashita Eiji (2002, Keiso Shobo)" ▽ "The European Economy: A Illumination from the Past" by Asakura Hironori and Uchida Hidemi (2003, Keiso Shobo)" ▽ "The Euro and the EU Financial System" by Iwata Kenji (ed.), H.E. Schaller et al. (2003, Nihon Keizai Hyoronsha) " ▽ "European Economics" by Tanaka Tomoyoshi and Kubo Hiromasa (eds.) (2004, Minerva Shobo) [References] | | | | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
貨幣および貨幣制度は、原則として各国固有の形態をもち、その国内を流通圏とするものであるが、商取引などに便利なように、関係諸国が協定や条約を通じて貨幣についての共通の形態を採用するものを貨幣同盟という。その内容は、単に相互に貨幣の流通を認めるものから、共通の貨幣単位を採用するもの、貨幣制度の相違点をしだいに撤廃してゆき、究極には共通の貨幣および貨幣制度を目ざすものまである。 貨幣同盟の歴史は古く、その先駆けは、紀元前2世紀から前1世紀ごろにかけて小アジアの諸都市でシストフォリcistophoriと称する協約銀貨を流通させたことにみられる。ヨーロッパの中世にも1225年のリューベックとハンブルク両都市間の貨幣同盟、1240年のドイツとスイスの国境のボーデン湖沿岸諸都市間の貨幣同盟などがある。近代になると、1837年に南ドイツ諸国間でプロイセン・マルクを共通貨幣とした南ドイツ貨幣同盟、57年にドイツとオーストリア両国間で独墺(どくおう)貨幣同盟(ウィーン貨幣同盟)が誕生した。さらに、有名なラテン貨幣同盟が1865年に、スカンジナビア貨幣同盟(北欧貨幣同盟)が73年に成立した。前者は金銀複本位制の維持を目的としてフランス、ベルギー、イタリア、スイスによって結成され、1869年にギリシアが加わり、1925年まで存続し、後者はスウェーデンの金本位制採用を機にデンマークとの間でまず結成され、1875年にノルウェーが加わり、1924年まで存続した。第二次世界大戦後、1958年にヨーロッパ経済共同体(EEC)が発足、67年にはヨーロッパ共同体(EC)が発足するなど、ヨーロッパは共通通貨制度の樹立を目ざして経済統合を進めていく。79年にヨーロッパ通貨制度(EMS)が設立され、共通の計算単位ECU(エキュ)を用いた措置で、通貨統合に向けた第一歩を踏み出す。93年のマーストリヒト条約の発効に伴い、ECはヨーロッパ連合(EU)となり、通貨統合への具体的スケジュールが明示される。99年経済通貨同盟(EMU(エミュー))が発足、EUの単一通貨となるユーロEuroが導入され、2002年には通貨統合参加国でのユーロへの切り替えが終了した。 [土屋六郎] 『山下英次著『ヨーロッパ通貨統合』(2002・勁草書房)』▽『朝倉弘教・内田日出海著『ヨーロッパ経済――過去からの照射』(2003・勁草書房)』▽『岩田健治編著、H・E・シャーラー他著『ユーロとEUの金融システム』(2003・日本経済評論社)』▽『田中友義・久保広正編著『ヨーロッパ経済論』(2004・ミネルヴァ書房)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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