Cold damage - Irrigation

Japanese: 寒害 - かんがい
Cold damage - Irrigation

This refers to damage caused by abnormally low temperatures from winter to early spring, mainly to fruit trees and overwintering crops. It is the same as frost damage. In many cases, abnormally low temperatures strike in a short period of time, causing partial death of crops, but cold damage can also occur when low temperatures continue for a relatively long period of time, slowing the growth of crops.

The temperature at which cold damage occurs varies depending on the cold tolerance of fruit trees and agricultural crops at the time, which in turn varies depending on the previous climate conditions and fertilizer management. Cold tolerance weakens after a warm climate or if too much nitrogen fertilizer is used. However, in general, wheat suffers from cold damage when the ground surface temperature drops below -5°C, and mandarin oranges below -6.5°C.

The mechanism of cold damage is said to be that freezing removes moisture from the cells, causing the cell fluid to thicken, and the protoplasm also loses moisture and solidifies, eventually causing the protoplasm to separate. However, some plants return to their original state when the temperature rises and are not damaged in any way. Camellias and laurels are examples of this.

To prevent damage from the cold, limit the use of nitrogen fertilizer and instead apply potassium salts or wood ash to strengthen cold resistance. Cover winter vegetables with reed screens to prevent radiative cooling at night. Also, mulch straw or grass to prevent the ground temperature from dropping. Surround oranges and other crops with straw.

Even in cold regions, snowy areas do not suffer from cold damage because the snow provides insulation. Therefore, the areas most at risk of cold damage are those along the Pacific coast of southern Tohoku, which receives little snow in winter, and the Kanto region.

[Takao Ando]

[Reference] | Meteorological disasters | Frost prevention | Frost damage | Agricultural meteorology

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

冬から早春にかけて、異常な低温により、主として果樹や越冬する農作物が受ける被害をいう。凍害と同じである。短期間に異常低温が来襲して、農作物が部分的に枯死する場合が多いが、比較的長期間低温が続き、農作物の生育が遅延する場合も寒害といえる。

 寒害を受ける温度は、果樹や農作物のそのときの耐寒性で異なり、耐寒性はそれまでの気候の状態、肥培管理などによって異なる。温暖な気候のあとや、窒素肥料などを与えすぎると耐寒性は弱くなる。しかし一般にムギでは地表温度が零下5℃、ミカンは零下6.5℃以下になると寒害を受ける。

 寒害の機構は、凍結により細胞内の水分が奪われて、細胞液が濃度を増し、さらに原形質も水分が少なくなり凝固して、ついには原形質の分離がおこるためとされている。しかし温度が高まると、もとに戻って、なんらの害を受けないものもある。ツバキ、アオキなどはその例である。

 寒害を防ぐには、耐寒性を強めるために、窒素肥料を控え、カリ塩や草木灰を与える。冬野菜などはよしずで覆いをして夜間の放射冷却を防ぐ。また敷き藁(わら)、敷き草をして地温の低下を少なくする。ミカンなどは薦(こも)で囲んだりする。

 寒冷地でも積雪地帯は、積雪が保温効果をもたらすので寒害はおこらない。したがって、冬に雪の少ない東北地方南部の太平洋沿岸から関東地方にかけてが、もっとも寒害の危険地帯となる。

[安藤隆夫]

[参照項目] | 気象災害 | 霜除け | 凍害 | 農業気象

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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