The term was officially adopted in South Africa from 1950 to 1991 to refer to people of mixed race, consisting of white Europeans (→ Caucasoid) and black Africans (→ Negroid) or Asians. It originated mainly from people born in the 18th and 19th centuries to upper-class men and lower-class women. In the early 20th century, in South Africa, it was not a legally defined term but rather a term referring to a social group that was intermediate between whites and blacks, and was often classified arbitrarily by individuals based on family history, cultural customs, physical characteristics, etc. Most were Christians who spoke Afrikaans and English, lived a European lifestyle, and interacted with whites. Many lived in Cape Town and its surrounding areas in the Western Cape, and in the countryside, but a significant number lived in the Eastern Cape and Northern Cape, including Port Elizabeth. In Cape Town and Port Elizabeth, they were middle-class and working-class, and worked as teachers, office workers, shopkeepers, artisans, and other skilled workers, while many who lived in the suburbs worked on white-owned farms. The Muslim minority, known as the Cape Malays, formed a separate community, and marriages were conducted within the community for religious reasons. Until World War II, there was a fair amount of intermarriage between light-skinned Coloureds and whites, and many were absorbed into white society. However, after the draconian apartheid laws were enacted in 1948, employment opportunities were severely restricted, and in the Cape Province, voting rights were revoked. Marriage and sexual relations with people of other races were also prohibited until 1985. With the abolition of apartheid in the 1990s and the elimination of legal classification, the name and all associated discrimination were abolished. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
ヨーロッパ系白人(→コーカソイド)とアフリカ系黒人(→ニグロイド)あるいはアジア系との混血をさし,1950~91年南アフリカ共和国で公式に採用されていた呼称。主として 18~19世紀に上層社会に属する男性と下層社会に属する女性の間に生まれた人々を起源とする。20世紀初頭の南アフリカでは,法的に規定された語というより,白人と黒人の中間的な地位にある社会集団をさす語で,家族の来歴や文化的慣習,身体的特徴などに基づき,個人の任意な判断によって分類される場合が多かった。大半はアフリカーンス語と英語を話すキリスト教徒で,生活様式はヨーロッパ風であり,白人と交流していた。多くは西ケープ州のケープタウンやその周辺地区,および田園地帯に住んでいたが,ポートエリザベスをはじめとする東ケープ州や北ケープ州に住む者もかなりいた。ケープタウンやポートエリザベスでは中産階級や労働者階級に属し,教師,事務員,小売店主,職人やその他の熟練労働者として働く一方,郊外に住む者の多くは白人が所有する農園で働いていた。ケープマレーと呼ばれる少数派のイスラム教徒は隔絶した社会を構成し,宗教的理由から結婚もその内部で行なわれた。第2次世界大戦までは肌の色の薄いカラードと白人の結婚もかなりあり,白人社会に吸収されていった者も多かった。しかし 1948年に厳格なアパルトヘイト法(→アパルトヘイト)が制定されると就職の機会は厳しく制限され,ケープ州では投票権が剥奪された。1985年までは他人種との結婚や性交渉も禁止された。1990年代にアパルトヘイトが廃止され,法律上の分類もなくなったことで,この名称および関連するすべての差別は撤廃された。
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