Ceramic sanitary ware such as washbasins and toilets are fired using feldspathic clay (kaolin) as the main ingredient. Each of the three types of base material - vitrified base material, decorative base material, and hard ceramic - is finished by applying glaze. JIS (Japan Industrial Standards) specifies that the base of sanitary ware is fused with a vitrified ceramic base. This is a high-quality base in which the base is completely fused and the glaze and base are one. It is possible to fire the base to the best quality, and the firing temperature is about 1060-1250°C. The quality and performance are checked by appearance defects such as bubbles, uneven color, and bending, as well as by ink tests, rapid cooling tests to check for surface cracks, and water leakage and cleaning tests. The color varies depending on the color of the glaze, and in addition to white, there are celadon, pink, blue, black, and ivory. Cosmetic ceramic base is a thin layer of vitrified ceramic base fused to the surface of a fireclay base. Hard ceramic base is a porous base made by fully firing a ceramic base, and is somewhat absorbent. It is inferior to vitrified ceramic base in ink tests, etc. It is used for toilets and washbasins. Sanitary ceramics are easily damaged, and moisture can seep in from scratches, causing dirt to spread, but there is no perfect way to repair them, so they must be handled with care. Also, some toilet cleaners use hydrochloric acid to remove dirt, and if it gets on the joints of surrounding tiles, it will remove the dirt, but it can also cause the tiles to peel off, so care must be taken. Recently, multi-purpose toilets have been produced that have electric heating in the seat, cleaning functions, fragrance functions, etc., and washstands with built-in washbasins are also widely used. In addition, materials such as enamel, polyester, plastic, and stainless steel have come to be used in bathtubs, replacing ceramics, due to their advantages of being light and unbreakable. [Taneo Sakata] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
長石質粘土(カオリン)を主原料として焼成した陶製の洗面器、便器などの衛生器具。溶化素地質、化粧素地質、硬質陶器質の3種の素地それぞれに釉薬(うわぐすり)を施して仕上げる。 JIS(ジス)(日本工業規格)では、衛生陶器の素地として溶化素地質を規定している。これは素地が完全に溶化し、釉薬と素地が同体となったもので、素地をもっともよく焼き締めることができる良質のものであり、焼成温度は1060~1250℃くらいである。品質と性能は、泡や色むら、曲がりなど外観上の欠点と、インキ試験、急冷試験による表面のひび割れの検査、漏水・洗浄試験などによって調べる。色は釉薬の色により異なるが、白色のほかに青磁色、ピンク、ブルー、黒、アイボリーなどがある。化粧素地質は、耐火粘土の素地の表面に溶化質陶器性素地の薄い層を融着したものである。硬質陶器質は、陶器の素地を十分焼き締めた多孔性の素地で、多少吸水性がある。溶化素地質よりインキ試験などで劣る。便器、洗面器などに用いられる。衛生陶器は破損しやすく、傷がついたところから水分が浸透して汚れが広がるが、その完全な補修方法がなく、取扱いには十分な注意が必要である。また、トイレ用洗剤のなかには、汚れを除去するために塩酸を使っているものがあり、周囲のタイルの目地などにつくと、汚れは落ちるがタイルがはがれる原因となるので注意を要する。 最近では、便座に電熱を通して温めたり、洗浄、芳香などの機能をもたせた多目的便器が生産され、また洗面器を組み込んだ洗面化粧台も多く使用されている。また、浴槽などでは材質も、ほうろうやポリエステル、プラスチック、ステンレスなどが、軽くて割れないなどの利点から陶器質にかわって多用されるようになった。 [坂田種男] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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