A substance that was thought to be a gas that could not be liquefied forever. For example, chlorine gas, ammonia, and carbon dioxide can be easily liquefied by compression at room temperature. However, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and helium cannot be liquefied by compression alone, so this was thought to be the case. However, it was discovered that these permanent gases can be liquefied by compression if they are cooled below their critical temperature, and therefore the term "permanent gas" has become a historical term today. The history of the efforts of scientists and engineers to make the term "permanent gas" obsolete as a term to define a substance spanned almost a century, from Faraday's successful liquefaction of chlorine gas in 1823 to Kammerer-Onnes's successful liquefaction of the last permanent gas, helium, in 1908. Considering the discovery of the critical point of carbon dioxide by Andrews in 1869 and the proposal of the equation of state by van der Waals in 1873, the history is not only a history of low-temperature generation experiments, but also a history of liquid theory. Liquid helium raised the issue of cryogenic physics, one of the greatest challenges in modern condensed matter physics. [Arakawa Hiroshi] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
永久に液化できない気体と考えられた物質。たとえば、塩素ガス、アンモニア、二酸化炭素などは常温で圧縮することにより容易に液化する。しかし、酸素、窒素、水素、ヘリウムなどは圧縮するだけでは液化しないため、このように考えられていた。しかし、これら永久気体も臨界温度以下に冷却すれば圧縮によって液化することが明らかになり、したがって「永久気体」は今日では歴史的な用語となってしまった。「永久気体」ということばを、物質を規定する用語としては死語にしてしまうまでの科学者、技術者の努力の歴史は、1823年ファラデーが塩素ガスの液化に成功してから、1908年カマーリン・オネスが最後の永久気体ヘリウムの液化に成功するまで、ほぼ1世紀にわたる。その間の1869年の二酸化炭素に関してのアンドリュースの臨界点の発見、73年ファン・デル・ワールスによる状態方程式の提起をあわせ考えると、その歴史は低温生成実験のみならず、液体論の歴史でもある。そして液体ヘリウムは、現代物性論の最大の課題の一つである極低温物性論を提起したのである。 [荒川 泓] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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