A watch worn on the wrist. Women began to wear them at the end of the 18th century. At first, they were seen as a type of accessory, with practicality being secondary. A notable event in the history of the development of wristwatches is the Civil War that broke out in the late 19th century in the United States between the southern states, which insisted on maintaining slave agriculture, and the northern states, which placed importance on building an industrial society. The Northern Army, which placed importance on accurate timekeeping in military operations, had its officers and soldiers carry watches, and won the war through precise operational activities. At the time, pocket watches were the mainstream, but wristwatches were recognized for their ease of use, and in the early 20th century, they became more popular than pocket watches as a practical watch. In 1924, the Englishman John Harwood (1893-1964) obtained a patent for an automatic watch that wound the mainspring by moving a rotating weight attached to the watch with the movement of the arm, and began manufacturing it. Later, functions such as date/day of the week, chronograph (stopwatch function), alarm, and luminous display were added, as well as waterproofness and shock resistance, greatly improving practicality and durability. Furthermore, battery-powered wristwatches were developed with the goal of improving time accuracy. First, for balance wristwatches (watches incorporating a part called a balance that acts as a speed regulator), contact-type electrically driven wristwatches were released by Hamilton (USA) in 1957 and by Lip (France) in 1958. In 1960, a tuning fork wristwatch that did not use a balance was released by Bulova (USA). Its accuracy exceeded that of balance wristwatches. In 1966 (Showa 41), Citizen (Japan) and Ebauches (Switzerland) released contactless balance-type electronic wristwatches. Furthermore, in 1969, Seiko (Japan) released a quartz wristwatch with a pointer display (analog), ushering in the age of quartz watches. In parallel with this, in 1972, fully electronic quartz watches with digital displays were developed mainly in the United States, and in the same year, a digital watch with a light-emitting diode (LED) display and a liquid crystal display (LCD) display were released by Hamilton, Optel, Microma (both in the United States), and others. In 1999 (Heisei 11), Seiko released a "Spring Drive" wristwatch. Spring Drive wristwatches combine the advantages of mechanical and quartz watches, using the same quartz oscillator as quartz watches for speed regulation and the same mainspring as mechanical watches for power. The power of the mainspring moves the hands, which move in a continuous sweeping motion. At the same time, a small generator-governor generates electricity, which drives an electronic circuit and controls the speed of the generator-governor with a quartz crystal oscillator. This spring-driven watch does not require a primary or secondary battery, and achieves the same time accuracy as a quartz clock. Thus, the history of wristwatches began with the pursuit of novelty and decoration, and soon, due to their functionality and convenience, they replaced pocket watches as the mainstream portable watch. Since then, their accuracy has been further improved, progressing from manual winding of a spring to automatic winding and then battery-powered operation, and time accuracy has improved from the initial mechanical watch's daily deviation of several minutes to less than 10 seconds per day according to the chronometer standard. After that, rapid application of electronic technology led to reform of the oscillation source system from the balance type to the highly accurate tuning fork type and quartz type, and the quartz watch has been achieved with a time accuracy of 10 seconds per month. This achievement was made possible by the invention of the microelectronic CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) based on the invention of the transistor, and the realization of its highly integrated circuit (IC). The characteristic of CMOS is that it does not consume power except when it is in operation, which is a major difference from bipolar transistors, and since this invention, the microprocessor (CPU) of wristwatches has become CMOS structure. The tuning fork quartz crystal oscillator, which is most commonly used in watches and timekeeping, was developed by Japanese researcher Issaku Koga. [Koji Kubota] "Wristwatch Encyclopedia," edited by the World's Watches Editorial Department (1993, Green Arrow Publishing)" ▽ "Postwar Japanese-made Wristwatches, by Nagao Yoshio and Kimura Yoshitaka (1994, Tombo Publishing)" ▽ "Japanese-made Watch Museum," edited by the World's Watches Editorial Department (1994, World Photo Press)" ▽ "Japanese-made Wristwatches, volumes 1-9, 11, and 12, by Nagao Yoshio et al. (1996-2002, Tombo Publishing)" ▽ "THE SEIKO BOOK: Innovator of Time - The Trajectory of Seiko Wristwatches," edited by the Goods Press Editorial Department (1999, Tokuma Shoten)" ▽ "Wristwatch Trivia Notes - There's More Than Just the Movement Behind the Dial," by Kasagi Keiji and Namiki Koichi (2000, Diamond Publishing)" ▽ "Micromechatronics, Vol. 44 No. 1, Vol. 45 No. 3, Vol. 52, edited and published by the Society of Clock and Watch Engineers of Japan No.198, Vol.53 No.200'' (2000, 2001, 2008, 2009)'' [Reference items] | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
手首につけて携帯する時計をいう。18世紀末から女性たちによって腕につけられ始めた。当初は装身具の一種としてとらえられており、実用性は二次的な存在であった。腕時計発展の歴史で特筆される出来事は、19世紀後半、アメリカ合衆国において、奴隷制農業の維持を主張する南部諸州と、産業社会構築を重視する北部との間に南北戦争が起きた際、軍隊行動における時間の正確さを重視した北軍が士官・兵士に時計を持たせ、緻密(ちみつ)な作戦活動によって勝利したことである。このときはおもに懐中時計が主流であったが、腕時計の使用性の良さが認められ、20世紀初めに実用時計として懐中時計以上に普及が進んだ経緯がある。 1924年イギリス人ハーウッドJohn Harwood(1893―1964)が、腕の動きで時計につけた回転おもりを動かしてぜんまいを巻く自動巻き時計の特許を得て製造を始めた。その後、日付・曜日、クロノグラフ(ストップウォッチ機能)、目覚し、夜光表示などの機能と、防水性・耐衝撃性などが付加されて、実用性、耐久度が大いに向上した。さらに時間精度向上を目標に電池式腕時計が開発された。まず、てんぷ式腕時計(てんぷとよばれる調速の役割を担う部品が組み込まれた時計)については、接点式電気駆動腕時計が、1957年にハミルトン(アメリカ)から、1958年にリップ(フランス)からそれぞれ発売された。1960年には、てんぷを用いない音叉(おんさ)式腕時計がブロバ(アメリカ)から発売された。その精度はてんぷ式を超えるものであった。1966年(昭和41)にはシチズン(日本)、エボーシュ(スイス)から無接点のてんぷ式電子腕時計が発売された。さらに1969年にはセイコー(日本)から指針表示(アナログ)水晶腕時計が発売され、水晶ウォッチ時代を拓いた。これに併行して1972年、デジタル表示の全電子水晶ウォッチがアメリカ中心に開発され、同年、発光ダイオード(LED)表示の数字表示デジタルウォッチがハミルトンから、液晶表示(LCD)のものがオプテル、マイクロマ(ともにアメリカ)などから発売された。また、1999年(平成11)にはセイコーから「スプリングドライブ」式の腕時計が発売された。スプリングドライブ式腕時計は、機械式と水晶式の長所をあわせもっており、調速に水晶時計と同じ水晶振動子、動力に機械時計と同じぜんまいを使用している。ぜんまいの力によって針を動かし、その運針は連続的に動くスイープ運針である。同時に小型発電調速機で発電し、その電力によって電子回路を駆動させ、水晶振動子により発電調速機の速度制御を行っている。このぜんまい駆動ウォッチは一次電池、二次電池を必要とせず、水晶時計と同等の時間精度を実現している。 腕時計の歴史はこのように新規性・装飾性の追求に始まり、まもなくその機能・利便性により、懐中時計にかわって携帯時計の主流となった。それ以後は精度のいっそうの向上がなされ、ぜんまいの手巻きから自動巻き、さらに電池駆動へと進歩し、時間精度は当初の機械時計の日差数分からクロノメーター規格で日差10秒以下を実現した。以降、急速な電子技術応用により、源振系をてんぷ方式から高精度の音叉式、水晶式へ改革し、時間精度は月差10秒レベルを保証する水晶ウォッチに到達した。この達成は、トランジスタの発明に基づくマイクロエレクトロニクスのCMOS(シーモス)(相補型金属酸化膜半導体)の発明と、その高集積回路(IC)の実現に負う。CMOSの特徴は、動作時以外に電力消費のないことで、その点がバイポーラトランジスタとの大きい違いであり、この発明以後、腕時計のマイクロプロセッサー(CPU)はCMOS構造になった。ウォッチと時間機能発揮にもっとも多用されている音叉型水晶振動子は、日本の研究者古賀逸策(いっさく)の開発である。 [久保田浩司] 『世界の腕時計編集部編『腕時計大百科』(1993・グリーンアロー出版社)』▽『長尾善夫・木村好孝著『戦後の国産腕時計』(1994・トンボ出版)』▽『世界の腕時計編集部編『国産時計博物館』(1994・ワールドフォトプレス)』▽『長尾善夫他著『国産腕時計』1~9、11、12巻(1996~2002・トンボ出版)』▽『グッズプレス編集部編『THE SEIKO BOOK 時の革新者――セイコー腕時計の軌跡』(1999・徳間書店)』▽『笠木恵司・並木浩一著『腕時計雑学ノート――文字盤の裏側にあるのはムーヴメントだけじゃない』(2000・ダイヤモンド社)』▽『日本時計学会編・刊『マイクロメカトロニクス Vol.44 No.1、Vol.45 No.3、Vol.52 No.198、Vol.53 No.200』(2000、2001、2008、2009)』 [参照項目] | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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