A device that uses gunpowder, steam power, springs, etc. to launch aircraft from a narrow space. It originated from a crossbow, a weapon used in ancient Europe that shoots stones or spears. It was put to practical use around 1920 as a way to facilitate aircraft takeoff, and was used to launch aircraft from ships before World War II. The mainstream method up until World War II was to place the aircraft on a platform and move it at high speed using gunpowder or compressed air, using that force to launch the aircraft. However, as carrier-based aircraft became larger and more jet-powered, this method did not provide enough thrust or distance, so a system using steam was devised. This is called a steam catapult, and is the standard catapult on today's conventional aircraft carriers. A steam catapult uses a piston that moves at high speed using steam power, attaches to an aircraft via a shuttle, and runs a distance of just under 100 meters to launch the aircraft. The C13-1 catapult used on the U.S. Navy's aircraft carriers accelerates a 35-ton aircraft to a final speed of 256 kilometers per hour, enabling it to take off. [Kenichi Aoki] The basic structure of a steam catapult is that a piston in a steam cylinder under the flight deck is driven by high-pressure steam, and the piston and the aircraft are connected to a towing car called a shuttle, and launched at a speed equal to the combined speed of the towing car and the ship's speed . Steam Catapult Configuration ©Shogakukan "> Steam catapult (piston section) structure… Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
火薬、蒸気力、スプリングなどを利用して、狭い場所から航空機を発進させる装置。古代ヨーロッパで使われた武器で、石や槍(やり)を射出する弩(いしゆみ)がその起源。1920年ごろから航空機の離陸促進の方法として実用化され、第二次世界大戦前には艦船からの航空機発進に使われるようになった。第二次大戦までの主流は、航空機を台に乗せて、それを火薬や圧縮空気の力により高速で動かし、その力を借りて航空機を射出するという方式であった。しかし、艦載機のジェット化や大型化が進むと、それでは推進力・距離ともに足りず、蒸気を使うものが考案された。これがスチーム・カタパルトとよばれるもので、今日の通常型航空母艦の標準カタパルトになっている。スチーム・カタパルトは蒸気の力で高速移動するピストンを使い、シャトルを介して航空機とつけ、100メートル弱の距離を走って航空機を放出する。アメリカ海軍の航空母艦で使われているC13‐1カタパルトでは、重量35トンの艦載機を、最終的に時速256キロメートルまで加速して離陸を可能にしている。 [青木謙知] スチーム・カタパルトの基本的な構造は、飛行甲板下のスチームシリンダー内のピストンを高圧蒸気で走らせ、そのピストンと艦載機をシャトルとよばれる引き車で連結して、牽引の速度と艦速の合成速度で射出させるものである©Shogakukan"> スチーム・カタパルトの構成 ©Shogakukan"> スチーム・カタパルト(ピストン部)の構… 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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