Anthropological term. Also translated as "coming-of-age ceremony" or "entrance ceremony." A series of procedures for being recognized and incorporated into society as a full-fledged adult. In a broader sense, it refers to a series of actions that authorize collective or individual incorporation from one social category to another, including joining a secret society or obtaining the status of a religious professional such as a shaman. It often accompanies a rite of passage. In most cases, coming-of-age ceremonies for women are held individually at the onset of menstruation, while for men they are held in various stages and on a larger scale and in groups. Among Australian Aboriginals, physical alterations such as circumcision, tooth extraction, tooth grinding, hair removal, and urethral incision, as well as scarring and tattooing, are performed, and people are taught customs and myths and legends away from the village for several months while following taboos such as food restrictions. A. van Gennep systematized this initiation process into three stages: "separation" from the previous status, an intermediate "transition (boundary)" period, and "reintegration" where a new status is given. In the "transition" stage, human relationships that are not organized into a clear social structure are observed, and V. Turner called this "communitas." M. Eliade also interpreted these processes as symbolically representing ritual "death and rebirth." Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
人類学用語。「成年式」「入社式」とも訳される。社会的に一人前の成人として認知,編入されるための一連の手続きのこと。広義には,ある社会的カテゴリーから他の社会的カテゴリーへの,集団的あるいは個人的加入を認可するための一連の行為体系をさし,秘密結社への加入やシャーマンなど宗教職能者の地位の取得なども含まれる。通過儀礼を伴うことが多い。成年式の場合,女性は初潮を契機として個別に行われることがほとんどであるのに対し,男性ではさまざまな段階をもち,より大規模で集団的に行われる。オーストラリア先住民の間では,割礼,抜歯,研歯,抜毛,尿道切開などの身体変工や,身体への瘢痕文身,刺痕文身 (刺青) などが施され,食物の制限などタブーに服しながら数ヵ月間集落を離れて慣習や神話伝承を教え込まれる。 A.ファン・ヘネップは,このようなイニシエーションの過程を,それまでの地位からの「分離」,中間的な「移行 (境界) 」の時期,そして新たな地位を与えられる「再統合」の3つの段階に分けて体系化した。このうち「移行」の段階では,明確な社会構造に組織されない人間関係がみられ,V.ターナーはこれをコムニタス communitasと呼んだ。また M.エリアーデは,これらの過程を儀礼的な「死と再生」とを象徴的に表わすものとして解釈した。
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