A group of plants distributed mainly in mainland China at the end of the Paleozoic era. Plants that had moved onto land by the late Silurian period, about 450 million years ago, continued to diversify and expand their distribution from the Carboniferous period to the Permian period 300 million years ago, creating large forests all over the world. These plants remain as huge amounts of coal all over the world. At that time, the continents were close to each other as Pangaea (a supercontinent), which is a collection of all the current continents, and the plants came to form five distinctive botanical regions. In the east, the Cathaysian flora was centered in China, in the west, the European and American flora (Euramerian flora) was centered in Europe and the eastern half of North America, and the North American flora in the western half of North America, the Gondwana flora in the southern hemisphere, and the Angara flora in the high latitude regions of the northern hemisphere. The Cathaysian flora spread from the Liaodong Peninsula in the north, around Chengde in eastern China, including Korea and Japan, to Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia in the south, and to the Middle East in the west. It is thought to have arisen due to the development of a continental climate during the formation of the Cathaysian continent (mainland China). The Carboniferous plants in this area are close to the European and American flora, and the younger the period, the more plants unique to the Cathaysian flora there are. A representative plant is the extinct gymnosperm Gigantopteris , which has a simple leaf with reticulate veins, and for this reason it is also called the Gigantopteris flora. On the other hand, since Gigantopteris is limited to the Upper Permian and later in the northern part of the Cathaysian Flora, there is a tendency to avoid the term Gigantopteris flora. Other representative plants include the wedge-leafed (horsetail) Lobatannularia and Schizoneura , the progymnosperm Negelatii Tingia , the gymnosperm Bennettites or Cycad Taeniopteris , the seed fern Protoblechnum , and the palmate-leaved Rhipidopsis . Fossils from the Late Carboniferous to the Permian Period have been unearthed in the Taiyuan coalfields in Shanxi Province, China, and it has been revealed that the morphology of the gigantopteris leaves changed over time, from pinnate compound leaves with open veins to simple leaves with reticulate veins. In Japan, two genera of Gigantopteriidae (Gigantopteris and Bicoemplectopteris ) have been reported from the Takakurayama Group in Iwaki City, Fukushima Prefecture, and Cathaysiopteris has been reported from the Maiyama Flora in Miyagi Prefecture, and they were found to belong to the Cathaysiopteris Flora. [Kazuo Asama and Harufumi Nishida] [References] | | Era| | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
古生代末期に中国大陸を中心に分布した植物群。約4億5000万年前のシルル紀後期までに陸上に進出した植物は、3億年前の石炭紀からペルム紀(二畳紀)にかけて多様化と分布拡大を続け、世界中に大森林をつくった。これらの植物は膨大な量の石炭となって世界中に残されている。当時の大陸は、現在のすべての大陸の集合体であるパンゲア(超大陸)としてたがいに近接しており、その上で植物群は特色のある5植物区を構成するようになった。東には中国を中心とするカタイシア植物群、西にはヨーロッパと北アメリカ東半部を中心とする欧米植物群(ユーラメリア植物群)と北アメリカ西半部の北米植物群、南半球にはゴンドワナ植物群、それに対する北半球高緯度地域にアンガラ植物群が分布した。 カタイシア植物群は、北は遼東(りょうとう)半島、中国東部承徳(しょうとく)あたりから朝鮮、日本を含み、南はベトナム、タイ、マレーシア、インドネシア、西は中東まで広がっていた。カタイシア大陸(中国大陸)の形成期に伴う大陸性気候の発達に影響されて生じたものと考えられている。このなかの石炭紀の植物は欧米植物群に近く、時代が若くなるにつれてカタイシア植物群特有の植物が多くなる。代表的な植物は、網状脈のある単葉をもつ絶滅裸子植物ギガントプテリスGigantopterisで、このためギガントプテリス植物群ともよばれている。一方で、ギガントプテリスがカタイシア植物区系の北部では上部ペルム系以降に限定されることから、ギガントプテリス植物群という呼称を避ける傾向もある。 ほかの代表的植物として、楔葉(けつよう)類(トクサ類)のロバタンヌラリアLobatannularia、スキゾネウラSchizoneura、前裸子植物ネゲラチア類のティンギアTingia、裸子植物ベネチテス類またはソテツ類のタエニオプテリスTaeniopteris、シダ種子類のプロトブレクヌムProtoblechnum、掌状葉をもつリピドプシスRhipidopsisなどがある。中国山西(さんせい)省の太原(たいげん)炭田からは、石炭紀後期からペルム紀にかけての化石群が産出し、ギガントプテリス類の葉が開放脈系の羽状複葉から網状脈系の単葉まで、時代とともに形態変化したことが明らかにされている。日本では福島県いわき市の高倉山層群からギガントプテリス類の2属(ギガントプテリス、バイコエンプレクトプテリスBicoemplectopteris)、宮城県の米谷(まいや)植物群からはカタイシオプテリスCathaysiopterisが報告され、カタイシア植物群に属すことが判明した。 [浅間一男・西田治文] [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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