Earl (title) - R

Japanese: アール(爵位) - あーる
Earl (title) - R


[Europe]
The nobility of ancient Rome did not have titles indicating rank, but European titles of nobility developed in the Middle Ages and early modern times. Although there are differences depending on the country and the era, the commonly known titles are Duke, Marquis, Earl, Viscount, and Baron (English in parentheses). Of these, the titles of Duke and Earl are historically the oldest, dating back to the Old Germanic military commander dux (German: Herzog, French: Duc) and the Frankish king's official comes (German: Graf, French: Comte) who exercised the sovereignty, especially judicial power, of each district. …

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "Earl (title)" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:


[ヨーロッパ]
 古代ローマの貴族には,位階序列を表す称号はなく,ヨーロッパの爵位は,中世・近世においてその発達をみることができる。国と時代により差異はあるが,一般に知られている爵位は,公(デュークduke),侯(マーキスmarquis),伯(アールearl),子(バイカウントviscount),男(バロンbaron)の5位階である(かっこ内は英語)。これらのうち,公と伯の呼称が歴史的に見て最も古く,それぞれ古ゲルマンの軍事統率者であるドゥクスdux(ドイツ語はヘルツォーク,フランス語はデュクduc),フランク国王の統治権とりわけ裁判権を地方管区ごとに執行する役人としてのコメスcomes(ドイツ語はグラーフ,フランス語はコントcomte)とにさかのぼる。…

※「アール(爵位)」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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