An abbreviation of the American English terms "apartment" or "apartment house." An apartment is a collective housing unit in which three or more "dwelling units" (units in which one household lives independently) are built together in the same building, sharing entrances, corridors, stairs, and facilities, and the building is called an apartment house. In the UK, each dwelling unit is called a "flat," and the building is called "flats." In ancient Rome, apartment-style collective housing up to eight stories high was already being built, but modern apartments were born and developed in the US from the mid-19th century as one solution to the urban concentration of population caused by the Industrial Revolution. The development of capitalism in America and the concentration of industry and population in cities inevitably produced high-rise, high-density rental housing, but the early ones were for the poor and lacked quality in terms of lighting, ventilation, sanitary conditions, and facilities, and were called tenement houses. However, urbanization, soaring land prices, and the trend toward high-rise buildings made it difficult to build detached houses with gardens in cities. Meanwhile, apartments began to be welcomed in upper-class areas as a better form of housing than detached houses, as they provided a centralized location with facilities to ensure comfortable living, such as electricity, gas, water, hot water, heating, and telephones, and could be maintained and managed economically, while also ensuring safety through security. In America, collective housing equipped with these facilities is called an apartment. Several apartment buildings had already been built in Japan during the Meiji and Taisho periods, but they did not reach the American standards in terms of facilities, structure, and size. It is said that the first authentic American-style apartment house in Japan was the four-story Bunka Apartment, built in 1925 (Taisho 14) overlooking the moat in Ochanomizu, Kanda, Tokyo. There was a store, restaurant, and cafe on the first floor, and a garage in the basement, and the apartments were built on the second to fourth floors, with a total of 42 apartments and 103 rooms, ranging from a maximum of seven rooms (103 square meters) to a minimum of one room (19 square meters). The apartments were arranged in a central corridor with elevators, the interiors of the apartments were all purely Western-style, and most of the housework was shared. The first publicly constructed apartment house was the Dojunkai Apartment, built by the Dojunkai Foundation, which was established to deal with the housing shortage caused by the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923 (Taisho 12). Most were three to four stories tall, made of reinforced concrete, with two or three rooms plus a kitchen, toilet, and bathroom, and were primarily residences for white-collar workers. The appearance of these Bunka Apartments and Dojunkai Apartments left a strong impression on people in the early Showa period with "culture" and "apartments," and inspired a longing for modern housing. However, these high-quality apartments were few in number and came with high rents. In response to this, so-called "mokuchin apartments," small privately run two-story wooden buildings with one six-tatami room per unit and shared kitchens and toilets, began to become popular, replacing the traditional detached houses and tenement-style rental homes, targeted at young workers and low-income earners congregating in big cities. Although these apartments adopted the housing format of an apartment, with the dwelling units grouped together and shared, they were "fake apartments" with even worse livability than tenement-style buildings. The number of these apartments increased to the point that the word "apartment" generally brings to mind the image of mokuchin apartments, and they became the mainstream of private housing supply in the 1960s and 1970s. Immediately after the Second World War, when Japan was to push ahead with a full-scale housing policy, it was thought that fireproof construction should be the mainstay of urban housing in the future, and in 1948 (Showa 23), two four-story buildings of 48 reinforced concrete apartment buildings were experimentally constructed in Takanawa, Tokyo, and since then, public housing was gradually built all over the country. In particular, after the Japan Housing Corporation (which became the Housing and Urban Development Corporation in 1981, the Urban Development Corporation in 1999, and the Urban Renaissance Agency in 2004) was established in 1955, large-scale apartment complexes were built with 2DK and 3DK floor plans as the basic layout, and the number of apartments increased rapidly. These were classified as "communal housing" because the building parts such as the roof, walls, corridors, and pipes were shared, and they had shared spaces such as gardens and meeting places. However, it could not be said that this housing style was capable of a high level of communal living like that seen in the Bunka Apartment. On the other hand, because buildings are communal and have common spaces, but are merely a collection of several to several hundred dwelling units with the functions of a detached house where each unit can live an independent life, and because new housing styles such as townhouses, which are low-rise buildings that group several to several dozen units together and are planned as an integrated whole, have appeared, the term "apartment complex" has come to be used more frequently in classifying housing styles. However, both communal housing and apartment complexes are more of a classification of housing styles used in surveys and literature, and in general, this type of housing style is often referred to as an apartment. From the time of the establishment of the Japan Housing Corporation, large capitalists began to build high-rise luxury apartment complexes with elevators, parking lots, and managers. These are equivalent to what we call apartments in the United States, but the term "apartment" in Japan had a completely negative image, as it was associated with low-quality, multi-storey tenement buildings for rent. As a result, when recruiting tenants and selling these properties, private housing developers used names that evoked luxury, such as "mansion" (a mansion, English) or "chateau" (castle, French) as a sales strategy, to promote "apartment complexes that are an upgrade from apartments." Gradually, the term "mansion" gained acceptance and became common. However, this term was based on image and is not a term defined by the standard of housing. As a result, in recent years, many low-quality properties have been given the name "mansion" alone. [Michiko Noguchi] [Reference] | | |Aoyama Apartments was located along Omotesando in Shibuya Ward, Tokyo. It was a reinforced concrete apartment building with 138 units in 10 buildings completed in 1927 (Showa 2). It realized the most progressive and cultural lifestyle in Japan before World War II. In recent years, the number of residents has drastically decreased, and some of the buildings were occupied by boutiques and accessory shops, but they were demolished in 2003 (Heisei 15) as part of an urban redevelopment project . Dojunkai Apartments The picture shows an example of a Japanese-style floor plan suitable for a family . ©Shogakukan Example of floor plan for Dojunkai apartment Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
アメリカ英語のアパートメントapartmentまたはアパートメント・ハウスapartment houseの略称。3戸以上の「住戸」(1世帯の居住者が独立して住む居住単位)が、入口、廊下、階段、設備などを共用して、同一の建物の中に集合して建てられた共同住宅の各住戸をアパートメントといい、その建物をアパートメント・ハウスという。イギリスでは各住戸をフラットflatといい、その建物をフラッツflatsという。古代ローマ時代、すでに8階建てにも及ぶアパート形式の集合住宅が建設されていたが、現代のアパートは、19世紀の中ごろから産業革命によって引き起こされた人口の都市集中に対する解決策の一つとしてアメリカで生まれ、発達してきたものである。 アメリカにおける資本主義の発達と、産業、人口の都市集中は、必然的に高層・高密度の貸し家住宅を生み出したが、初期のものは貧民階層向けで、採光、通風、衛生環境、設備など質はあまりよいものとはいえず、テネメント・ハウスtenement houseといわれていた。しかし、都市化と地価の高騰、建築の高層化の進行により、都市に庭付きの一戸建て住宅を建てることが困難になってきた。一方、電気、ガス、水道、給湯、暖房、電話など、快適な居住性を保証する設備を集約的に整え、経済的に維持、管理していくとともに、警備などによる安全性を確保するためには、一戸建てよりもより優れた住居形式であるとして、上流階級の住む地区でもアパートが歓迎されるようになってきた。アメリカでは、これらの設備が整えられた集合住宅をアパートとよんでいる。 日本でもすでに明治から大正にかけていくつかのアパートが建てられたが、設備、構造、規模ともにアメリカの水準には及ぶものではなかった。日本での最初のアメリカ風本格的アパートメントハウスは、1925年(大正14)に東京・神田お茶の水の堀割に臨んで建てられた4階建ての「文化アパートメント」であるといわれている。1階には店舗、食堂、カフェー、地下室には自動車車庫があり、住戸は2~4階に、1住戸最大7室(103平方メートル)から、最小1室(19平方メートル)のものまで、合計42戸103室がつくられた。住戸の配列は中廊下型、エレベーター付きであり、住戸の内部はすべて純洋式で、家事労働の多くは共同化されていた。公的に建設されたアパートとしては、1923年(大正12)の関東大震災による住宅難に対処するために設立された財団法人同潤会(どうじゅんかい)によって建設された同潤会アパートが始まりである。多くは鉄筋コンクリート造3~4階建てで、住戸は2~3室のほか炊事室、便所、浴室をもち、主としてホワイトカラー層の住居となった。 これらの文化アパートメントや同潤会アパートなどの出現は、昭和初期の人々に「文化」と「アパート」を強く印象づけ、住まいの近代化へのあこがれを抱かせた。しかし、こうした質のよいアパートは数も少なく高家賃であった。これに対して民間の零細な経営による木造2階建て、各戸6畳1間、炊事場、便所は共用の、いわゆる「木賃(もくちん)アパート」が、大都市に集中してくる若年労働者や低所得者層を対象として、旧来の一戸建てまたは長屋建ての借家にかわって流行し始めた。これらは、住戸を集合化、共同化させたアパートの住戸形式をとってはいるが、長屋建てよりもさらに居住性の劣る「まやかしのアパート」であった。一般にはアパートというと、木賃アパートをイメージさせるほど量が増加し、1960~1970年代には民間住宅供給の主流をなしていた。 第二次世界大戦直後、日本における本格的な住宅政策が推し進められることになったとき、耐火構造が将来都市住宅の主軸となるべきものと考えられ、1948年(昭和23)東京・高輪(たかなわ)に4階建て2棟48戸の鉄筋コンクリートアパートが実験的に建設され、以後、公営住宅としてしだいに全国各地に建設されるようになった。とくに1955年日本住宅公団(1981年より住宅・都市整備公団、1999年より都市基盤整備公団、2004年より都市再生機構)が設立されてからは、2DK、3DKの間取りを基本とする大規模団地建設によるアパート群が形成され、その量は急激に増大した。これらは、屋根、壁、廊下、パイプ類などの建築部分が共同であることと、庭や集会所などの共用空間がしつらえられていることから、住宅形式の分類上からは「共同住宅」と称されていた。しかし文化アパートメントにみられるような高水準の生活共同化の可能な住宅形式であるとはいえなかった。一方、建築物が共同的で、共用空間をもっていても、各戸が独立した生活を営みうる戸建住宅の機能をもつ住戸を数戸から数百戸、ただ単に集合化させたにすぎないという点と、低層でも数戸から数十戸を集合させ一体的に計画したタウンハウスなどの新しい住戸形式の出現により、のちに住宅形式の分類上からは「集合住宅」という用語が多く使われるようになってきた。しかし、共同住宅も集合住宅も、どちらかといえば調査や文献上の住宅形式の分類用語であって、一般には、このような住宅形式をアパートと呼称することが多いといえよう。 住宅公団設立のころから大資本によるエレベーター、駐車場、管理人付きの高層高級集合住宅が建設され始めた。これらはアメリカでいうアパートに相当するものであるが、日本におけるアパートという呼称は賃貸の低質な立体長屋を連想させるようにすっかりイメージダウンしていたために、民間住宅業者は入居者募集や販売に際して「アパートよりグレードアップされた集合住宅」ということで、販売上の戦略として「マンション」(大邸宅。英語)、「シャトー」(城。フランス語)などという高級化を連想させる名称を冠したが、しだいにマンションという呼称が市民権を得て一般化してきた。しかしこの名称はイメージ先行で住宅水準から定義された用語ではない。したがって近年では低質のものにも名称だけはマンションとつけられたものが多くなってきている。 [野口美智子] [参照項目] | | |東京都渋谷区の表参道沿いにあった青山アパート。1927年(昭和2)竣工の鉄筋コンクリートの集合住宅で、10棟138戸。第二次世界大戦前の日本でもっとも進歩的・文化的な住生活様式を実現した。近年は居住者も激減し、一部はブテッィクやアクセサリー・ショップなどがテナントとして入居していたが、2003年(平成15)市街地再開発事業により解体された©Shogakukan"> 同潤会アパート 図は、和風・世帯向き間取りの一例©Shogakukan"> 同潤会アパートの間取り例 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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