Deficit bonds - Akajikokusai

Japanese: 赤字国債 - あかじこくさい
Deficit bonds - Akajikokusai
Article 4 of the Financial Law stipulates that "national expenditures must be financed by revenues other than government bonds or loans." However, a proviso is added, stating that public works expenditures, capital contributions, and loans may be financed by government bonds or loans within the limits of the amount approved by the Diet. Using this proviso, construction bonds have been issued since fiscal 1966 to cover public works expenditures. The issuance of government bonds to cover current expenses is prohibited under the Financial Law. However, in the supplementary budget for fiscal 1965, deficit government bonds were issued to cover the deficit in current expenses, and since fiscal 1975, when Japan fell into a fiscal crisis, the issuance of deficit government bonds has become the norm. These deficit government bonds are issued by submitting a special law to the Financial Law every year to the Diet and obtaining its approval. This is why deficit government bonds are called "special government bonds." The government pledged to reduce deficit bond issuance to zero in fiscal 1990, and achieved this goal in the fiscal 1991 budget. However, deficit bonds have been issued again since fiscal 1994. The cumulative balance of deficit bonds and construction bonds is estimated to be approximately 536.5 trillion yen as of the end of March 2006.

(Muneyuki Shindo, Professor, Faculty of Law and Economics, Chiba University / 2007)

Deficit Bonds

Construction bonds are government bonds issued for investment expenses such as public works. The Financial Law prohibits the issuance of government bonds in principle, stating that "national expenditures must be funded by revenues other than government bonds or loans." However, the "proviso" in Article 4 of the law adopts the principle of construction bonds, which allows the issuance of government bonds only for investment expenses such as public works expenses, capital contributions, and loans. In contrast, deficit bonds are government bonds issued to supplement revenues, which are not permitted by the Financial Law. Issuing deficit bonds violates the Financial Law, so special laws are passed each year to issue them (hence they are also called special deficit bonds). In the 2007 budget, construction bonds were 5.231 trillion yen and deficit bonds were 20.201 trillion yen.

(Naohito Kamino, Professor, Graduate School of Economics and Faculty of Economics, University of Tokyo / 2008)

Source : "Chiezo" published by Asahi Shimbun Publications Co., Ltd. About Chiezo

Japanese:
財政法第4条は、「国の歳出は、公債又は借入金以外の歳入を以て、その財源としなければならない」と定めている。しかし、但し書きを設けて、公共事業費、出資金及び貸付金については、国会の議決を受けた金額の範囲内において、公債あるいは借入金で賄うことができるとしている。この但し書きを使って、1966年度以来、公共事業費に充当する建設国債が発行されてきた。経常経費に充当する公債の発行は、財政法上禁止されている。ところが、65年度の補正予算において、経常経費の赤字を埋めるための赤字国債が発行され、さらに、日本が財政の危機に陥った75年度以来、赤字国債の発行が常態となった。この赤字国債は、毎年度財政法の特例法を国会に提出し、その議決を得て発行される。赤字国債が「特例公債」といわれるゆえんである。政府は90年度に赤字国債の発行をゼロにすることを公約し、91年度予算で実現をみた。しかし94年度から再び、発行され続けている。赤字国債ならびに建設国債の累積残高は、2006年3月末に約536.5兆円と見込まれている。

(新藤宗幸 千葉大学法経学部教授 / 2007年)

赤字国債

建設国債とは、公共事業などの投資的経費のために発行される国債。財政法では「国の歳出は、公債又は借入金以外の歳入を以て、その財源としなければならない」と、国債発行を原則として禁止している。しかし、同法第4条の「但し書き」では、公共事業費、出資金及び貸付金という投資的経費に限り、国債発行を認めるという建設公債原則を採用している。これに対して赤字国債とは、財政法では認められていない、歳入を補填(ほてん)するために発行する国債である。赤字国債の発行は財政法に違反しており、毎年度特例法を成立させて発行している(よって特例国債とも呼ばれる)。平成19(2007)年度予算では、建設国債は5兆2310億円、赤字国債は20兆2010億円となっている。

(神野直彦 東京大学大学院経済学研究科・経済学部教授 / 2008年)

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