The Kakitsu peasant uprising

In August and September of 1441 (Kakitsu 1), peasant uprisings occurred mainly in Kyoto. Following the Kakitsu Rebellion in June of that year, unrest was seen in various places, and in August, the shugo Rokkaku clan issued a decree of amnesty against peasant uprisings that occurred in Omi (Shiga Prefecture). At the end of August, peasant uprisings in Kyoto began their attack, demanding that the shogunate issue a decree of amnesty for the first time in the reign of the seventh shogun of the Muromachi shogunate (Ashikaga Yoshikatsu). On September 5, tens of thousands of peasant uprisings set up camps in 16 places, including Toji and Tambaguchi, and surrounded Kyoto, which halted the delivery of supplies and caused food shortages. During this time, some doso (peasant merchants) offered a bribe of 1,000 kan to Kanrei Hosokawa Mochiyuki in hopes of receiving special protection. The shogunate was forced to issue a national amnesty on the 12th, and then on leap September 10th to include the Eitai-gyo (perpetual trade). However, due to strong pressure from usury capitalists and the Yamamon sect of Buddhism, a third amnesty was issued on leap September 18th. As a result, the Eitai-gyo (perpetual trade) was excluded from the scope of application, and the Kyoto peasant uprisings came to an end as a compromise. In the same September, an uprising by horse-lenders demanding amnesty was seen in Yamato (Nara Prefecture), and peasant uprisings in Mikawa (Aichi Prefecture) and Wakasa (Fukui Prefecture) drove the shugodai (military governor) out of the country, leading to uprisings in various places.

[Umada Ayako]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

1441年（嘉吉1）8、9月に京都を中心に起こった土一揆。この年6月の嘉吉の乱を受けて、各地で不穏な動きがみられ、8月に近江(おうみ)（滋賀県）で起こった土一揆に対しては守護六角(ろっかく)氏が徳政令(とくせいれい)を出していた。8月末には京都の土一揆が攻撃を開始し、室町幕府第7代将軍（足利義勝(あしかがよしかつ)）の代始めの徳政令を幕府に要求した。9月5日には数万に及ぶ土一揆が東寺(とうじ)、丹波口(たんばぐち)以下16か所に陣を置いて京都を包囲したため、物資の搬入が停止し食料不足が起こった。この間、特別の保護を願って管領(かんれい)細川持之(もちゆき)に1000貫の賄賂(わいろ)を贈った土倉(どそう)もあった。幕府は12日に一国平均、さらに閏(うるう)9月10日には適用範囲に永代売買を含む天下一同の徳政令を出さざるをえなかった。しかし高利貸資本や山門の幕府への強い働きかけにより、閏9月18日に三度目の徳政令が出された。これにより永代売買が適用範囲から外され、妥協という形で、京都の土一揆は収束した。同じ9月に、大和(やまと)（奈良県）では徳政令を要求する馬借(ばしゃく)の蜂起(ほうき)がみられ、三河（愛知県）、若狭(わかさ)（福井県）でも土一揆が守護代を国から追い出すなど各地で一揆蜂起がみられた。

［馬田綾子］

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