(■1) The Legend of the Head

Japanese: (■1)首伝説 - あいくちでんせつ

...And many of the urban and rural middle classes (among whom many of the old middle classes had prospered from the wartime military boom) who felt alienated by the development of the revolution centered on the workers also supported the above-mentioned direction through elections to the Constituent National Assembly and participation in the counter-revolutionary militia, and thus the Weimar Republic was established. However, many of them were shocked by the Treaty of Versailles, which imposed severe war responsibility on Germany, including the issue of reparations, and became obsessed with the "Head Legend," which blamed the revolution for the defeat. After the collapse of the Bavarian Council Republic (May 1919), Hitler, who led the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazis), in Bavaria, preached an even more radical anti-Semitic head legend to gain the support of the urban middle classes suffering from severe inflation, but with the failure of the Munich Putsch in November 1923, a new period of search began.

From the Hindenburg

…German soldier and politician. Born into the Junker class in eastern Germany. He pursued a career as a professional soldier, retiring in 1911. With the outbreak of World War I, he returned to command the 8th Eastern Army, worked with Chief of Staff Ludendorff, and led a major victory over the Russian army at the Battle of Tannenberg, instantly making him a national hero. After serving as commander of the Eastern Army, he was invited to the Supreme Command in August 1916, where he became Chief of Staff, and established a military dictatorship under the effective leadership of Ludendorff. He remained in that position even during the German Revolution after the defeat, and succeeded in maintaining the imperial officer corps, retiring in 1919. …

*Some of the terminology that refers to "(■1) The Legend of the Head" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…そして，労働者を中心とした革命の展開に疎外感を抱いた都市･農村の中間層(そのうち，旧中間層には戦時の軍拡景気によってうるおった者も少なくなかった)の多くも，憲法制定国民議会の選挙や反革命義勇軍への参加を通して上記の方向に支持を与え，ここにワイマール共和国が成立する。しかし，彼らの間からは，賠償問題をはじめドイツに厳しい戦争責任を課したベルサイユ条約に衝撃を受けて，敗戦の責めを革命に帰する〈首（あいくち）伝説〉にとらえられていく人々も数多く出てくるのである。バイエルン･レーテ共和国崩壊(1919年5月)後のバイエルンでは，国家社会主義ドイツ労働者党(ナチス)を率いたヒトラーが，反ユダヤ主義でいっそう先鋭化された首伝説を唱えて，激しいインフレに苦しむ都市中間層の支持を集めたが，23年11月のミュンヘン一揆の挫折とともに，新しい模索の時期を迎えることとなる。…

【ヒンデンブルク】より

…ドイツの軍人，政治家。ドイツ東部のユンカー階級出身。職業軍人の経歴を歩み，1911年退役。第1次世界大戦勃発とともに東部第8軍司令官に復帰，参謀長ルーデンドルフと協力，タンネンベルクの戦でロシア軍に大勝し，一躍国民的英雄となる。東部軍司令官をへて16年8月最高軍司令部に招かれ，参謀総長に就任，ルーデンドルフの実質的指導の下に軍部独裁体制を確立。敗戦後のドイツ革命期もその地位にあって帝制将校団の維持に成功，19年引退。…

※「(■1)首伝説」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について | 情報

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