Science and Technology

Japanese: 科学技術 - かがくぎじゅつ
Science and Technology

Science and technology have traditionally been clearly distinguished as separate entities. However, after World War II, it became increasingly difficult to distinguish between the two, and in Japanese, they were originally written as "kagaku/gijutsu" (science and technology), but as symbolized by the establishment of the former Science and Technology Agency in 1956 (Showa 31), they came to be called "kagaku gijutsu" (science and technology). In Chinese, they are sometimes abbreviated as "kegi" (science and technology). In English, they are often abbreviated to S & T, and have come to be treated as singular rather than plural.

We can think of science as having a deeper understanding of nature, while technology has the purpose of improving life's convenience, and in reality, science has been carried out by different social classes, scholars and technology by craftsmen, and although these two traditions have occasionally intersected throughout history, they have been maintained as almost independent traditions up until the modern era.

The state or a similar system was the medium that connected these two traditions. The École Polytechnique, founded during the French Revolution, consciously adopted an education that combined science and technology, and during the creation of the modern nation-state in Meiji Japan, engineering education was elevated to the level of the Imperial University, and the traditional class gap between scientists and engineers disappeared through the educational system.

Furthermore, the experience of the science mobilization plans in World War I and World War II confirmed that science could be combined with technology to serve national purposes as military science and technology, and after World War II, "science and technology" was incorporated as an essential part of national policy. Specifically, this policy was also reflected in the reorganization of central government ministries and agencies, but a notable example of science and technology policy was the way in which each country recorded its science and technology budget as an independent entity and treated it in quantitative terms after the war. This shows that the majority of postwar science and technology research and development costs have been covered by state expenditures centered on military research, making it a state-led system. The exception to this is Japan, which has maintained a private-sector-led system funded by corporate expenditures.

From the perspective of academic science of the past, science should seek universal truth, unlike technology, which serves local interests. However, the results of scientific and technological research and development today, which are funded by huge expenditures, are monopolized for the benefit of the sponsoring nation or company, and have lost their universality, which is not applicable to third world countries.

[Shigeru Nakayama]

"Nakayama Shigeru et al., editors, General History of Science and Technology in Japan, 7 volumes (1995, 1999, Gakuyo Shobo)""Humans, Science, Technology and the Environment - Japan-Germany Joint Research Symposium, edited by the German Constitutional Law Study Group (1999, Shinzansha Publishing)""The Future of Science and Technology: Science, Technology, Earth Systems and Humans, by Takeuchi Hiroshi (2001, Iwanami Shoten)""Kasakura Tadao et al., Introduction to Science and Technology Series 8: Introduction to Ecotechnology (2001, Asakura Shoten)""Nakayama Shigeru and Yoshioka Hitoshi, editors, The Current History of the Scientific Revolution - For a Sustainable Future in Japan (2002, Gakuyo Shobo)""Ethics for Scientists and Engineers, 2nd Edition, edited and translated by the Japan Institute of Professional Engineers, by Harris, Charles E. et al. (2002, Maruzen)""The Development of Science and Technology and Environmental Issues: The Light and Shadow Brought to Humanity by the Development of Science and Technology" by Inoue Takayuki (2002, Tokyo Shoseki)""The Failure of Knowledge and Society: Why Science and Technology are a Problem for Society" by Matsumoto Miwao (2002, Iwanami Shoten)""The New Century of Science and Technology" edited by the Japan Society of Engineering (2002, Maruzen)""A Guide to Japanese for Science and Technology" by Yamazaki Nobuhisa et al. (2002, Keio University Press)""The 350,000 Word Dictionary of Science and Technology edited by Interpress, English-Japanese edition, Japanese-English edition (2002, Alphabet)""Science and Technology for the Public" edited by Kobayashi Denji (2002, Tamagawa University Press)""Acronym Dictionary Focusing on Science and Technology" edited by Kaneko Hideo et al. (2003, Agne Technology Center)""Dictionary of Science and Technology Abbreviation, edited by the Editorial Committee for the Dictionary of Science and Technology Abbreviation (2003, Nichigai Associates, Kinokuniya Bookstore)""Creating Japan with Science and Technology, by Koji Omi (2003, Toyo Keizai Inc.)""Science, Technology and Academic Laws Study Group, supervised and edited, Six Laws of Science, Technology and Academic Affairs, 2003 Edition (2003, Taisei Publishing)""Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Science and Technology Research Survey Report, 2002 Edition (2003, Japan Statistical Association)""Fujigaki Hiroko, Expertise and Public Interest: Toward the Construction of a Science and Technology Society Theory" (2003, University of Tokyo Press)

[References] | Ecole Polytechnique | Science | Technology | Craftsmanship

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

科学scienceと技術technologyは別のものとして伝統的にはっきり区別されていた。しかし、第二次世界大戦後、その間の区別がしだいにつけにくくなり、日本語でも初めは「科学・技術」とされていたが、1956年(昭和31)の旧科学技術庁の設立に象徴されるように、そのころから「科学技術」というようになった。中国語では「科技」と略称されることもある。英語ではしばしば略称されてS & Tといわれ、それを複数よりも単数として扱うようになった。

 科学は自然認識を深めるため、技術は生活の利便向上のためのものと、いちおう目的を分けて考えることができるし、現実に科学は学者、技術は職人という異なった社会階層によって担われてきて、その二つの伝統は歴史のうえではまれに交わることはあっても、ほとんど独立した伝統として維持され、近代に至ったといってもよい。

 その二つの伝統を接合する媒介となったのは、国家ないしそれに類する体制である。フランス革命中に創立されたエコール・ポリテクニクでは、科学と技術を融合させる教育が意識的に採用されたし、明治日本の近代国家づくりに際しては、技術者教育が帝国大学レベルにまで引き上げられ、伝統的な科学者と技術者の間の階層格差は教育体制を通して消滅していく。

 さらに、第一次世界大戦、第二次世界大戦の科学動員計画の経験を通して、科学が技術と接合して軍事科学技術として国家目的に役だつことが確認され、第二次世界大戦後は「科学技術」として国家政策に不可欠のものとしてその一環に取り入れられた。具体的には、その政策は中央政府の省庁の改編にも現れるが、顕著な科学技術政策としては、戦後、各国が科学技術予算を独立したものとして計上し、数量的に扱うようになったことである。そしてそれは、戦後の科学技術研究開発費の大半が軍事研究を主軸とした国家支出によってまかなわれているという国家主導型であることを示している。そうしたなかでの例外は日本で、企業支出による民間主導型を維持している。

 往時のアカデミズム科学の感覚からすれば、地域の利益に奉仕する技術とは違って、科学は普遍的真理を求めるものであるはずである。ところが今日の巨大な支出によってまかなわれる科学技術研究開発の成果は、そのスポンサーである国家ないし企業の利益のために独占されることになり、第三世界の諸国などには当てはまらない、普遍性の失われたものになっている。

[中山 茂]

『中山茂ほか責任編集『通史 日本の科学技術』全7冊(1995、1999・学陽書房)』『ドイツ憲法判例研究会編『人間・科学技術・環境――日独共同研究シンポジウム』(1999・信山社出版)』『竹内啓著『科学・技術のゆくえ 科学技術・地球システム・人間』(2001・岩波書店)』『笠倉忠夫ほか著『科学技術入門シリーズ8 エコテクノロジー入門』(2001・朝倉書店)』『中山茂・吉岡斉編著『科学革命の現在史――日本の持続可能な未来のために』(2002・学陽書房)』『Harris,Charles E.ほか著、日本技術士会編訳『科学技術者の倫理』第2版(2002・丸善)』『井上尚之著『科学技術の発達と環境問題――科学技術の発展が人類にもたらした光と影』(2002・東京書籍)』『松本三和夫著『知の失敗と社会――科学技術はなぜ社会にとって問題か』(2002・岩波書店)』『日本工学会編『科学技術の新世紀』(2002・丸善)』『山崎信寿ほか著『科学技術日本語案内』(2002・慶應義塾大学出版会)』『インタープレス編『科学技術35万語大辞典』英和編、和英編(2002・アルファベータ)』『小林伝司編『公共のための科学技術』(2002・玉川大学出版部)』『金子秀夫ほか編著『科学技術を中心とした略語辞典』(2003・アグネ技術センター)』『科学技術略語大辞典編集委員会編『科学技術略語大辞典』(2003・日外アソシエーツ、紀伊國屋書店発売)』『尾身幸次著『科学技術で日本を創る』(2003・東洋経済新報社)』『科学技術・学術法令研究会監修・編『科学技術・学術六法』平成15年版(2003・大成出版社)』『総務省統計局編『科学技術研究調査報告』平成14年版(2003・日本統計協会)』『藤垣裕子著『専門性と公共性――科学技術社会論の構築へ向けて』(2003・東京大学出版会)』

[参照項目] | エコール・ポリテクニク | 科学 | 技術 | 職人

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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