… In France, too, the number of British-style capitalist large-scale tenant farmers gradually increased in the developed northern regions in the 18th century, while small-scale sharecropping gradually decreased during the 19th century. In general, it can be said that the Western European tenant system changed to a capitalist tenancy system in the 18th and 19th centuries. However, there were many small-scale tenant farmers in Ireland under British rule, and in 19th-century Italy, the small-scale sharecropping system known as mezzadria was quite widespread. The proportion of tenanted land (rented land) in the total agricultural land area has remained at roughly 50% in France from the end of the 19th century to the present, but in the United Kingdom (England and Wales) it has decreased from 89% in 1913 to 51% in 1960. … From 【50/50 share】…Fifty-fifty tenancy is often practiced when the tenant farmer is poor and unstable in his ability to pay rent, so the landlord secures rent by lending the tenant farmer half of the seeds and livestock necessary in advance, and collecting half of the agricultural produce (including the increase in livestock) after the harvest. Japan's kariwake tenancy also belongs to this type, but in Europe, the most representative examples are the French métayage and the Italian mezzadria from the 16th to 19th centuries. [Otsuka Tadamitsu]… From Tuscany … From [Sharecropping]…Therefore, this tenant system is often seen in the early modern period when agricultural productivity was low, or in poor, backward regions, and often disappears with the modernization of agriculture. Representative examples include sharecropping (métayage) in France from the 16th to 19th centuries, and that in Italy (mezzadria), as well as sharecropping (share cropper) in the United States and kariwake tenant farming in Japan. [Otsuka Tadamitsu]. … *Some of the terminology that mentions "mezzadria" is listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
… フランスにおいても18世紀には北部先進地帯でイギリス型の資本家的大借地農業経営者がしだいに増加し,19世紀のうちに小規模な分益小作制度はしだいに減少していったから,大づかみにいって西ヨーロッパの小作制度は18,19世紀に資本主義的借地農業制度に転換したといえる。ただイギリス支配下のアイルランドでは小規模な小作農が多く,19世紀のイタリアでもメッザドリーアmezzadriaという小規模な分益小作制度がかなり広くみられた。なお農用地総面積の中で小作地(借地)面積の占める割合は,フランスでは19世紀末から現在まで一貫してほぼ50%であるが,イギリス(イングランドとウェールズ)では1913年の89%から1960年の51%へと減少している。… 【折半小作】より…折半小作が行われるのは,小作農民が貧しくて小作料支払能力が不安定である場合が多く,地主は,あらかじめ小作農民に必要な種子の半分や家畜の半分を貸し付け,収穫後に,生産された農産物(家畜の増加分を含む)の半分を徴収することによって,小作料を確保するのである。日本の刈分(かりわけ)小作もこれに属するが,ヨーロッパでは,16~19世紀のフランスのメテヤージュmétayage,イタリアのメッザドリーアmezzadriaなどがその代表的なものである。【遅塚 忠躬】。… 【トスカナ[州]】より… 【分益小作】より…したがって,この小作制度は,農業生産力の低い近世初めや,貧困な後進地域などに多くみられ,農業の近代化とともに消滅する場合が多い。16~19世紀のフランスの分益小作(メテイヤージュmétayage)や,イタリアのそれ(メッザドリーアmezzadria)などが代表的なものであり,アメリカ合衆国のシェア・クロッピングshare‐cropping(シェア・クロッパー)や日本の刈分(かりわけ)小作などもこれに属する。【遅塚 忠躬】。… ※「mezzadria」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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