'umda (English spelling) umda

Japanese: ‘umda(英語表記)umda
'umda (English spelling) umda

...As a result, the phenomenon of land concentration among certain classes began to be observed even in land held by ordinary farmers, but the core of the landlord class that emerged in this way was the village leaders. Thus, from the second half of the 19th century onwards, the modern landlord class emerged through the above three processes, and can be broadly categorized as consisting of the zawat class and the village leaders centered around the village chief ('umda). Although these two classes sometimes shared interests, they also competed with each other in areas such as the distribution of water, the sale of harvests, and the securing of labor.

From [Village]


[Landlordism and Land Reform]
The nature of the rif changed fundamentally after the 19th century, when modern land reforms were implemented and village society was directly connected to the world market. In Egypt, a new village chief position ('umda) was created that was superior to the traditional shaykhs, and they enjoyed privileges together with the ruling class (dhawāt class) of Turks and Circassians, and formed a new landowning class according to their status. In particular, when the demand for cotton increased with the outbreak of the American Civil War, the government introduced a cotton monoculture system, and these landowning classes acquired great wealth as cotton plantation owners. …

*Some of the terminology that mentions "'umda" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…そのため,一般農民保有地においても特定階層への土地集積現象が見られるようになったが,こうして台頭した地主層の核心をなしたのは村落有力者層であった。 こうして,19世紀後半以降,以上三つの過程を通して近代的地主層が出現したが,それを大きく類別すれば,ザワート層と村長(ウムダ‘umda)を中心とする村落有力者層とからなっていた。この二つの階層は,利害関係を共有することもあったが,水の分配,収穫物の販売,労働力の確保などにおいて対抗し合っていた。…

【村】より


[地主制と農地改革]
 このリーフの性格が根本的に変化するのは,近代的な土地改革が実施され,むら社会が世界市場と直結する19世紀以降のことであった。エジプトでは,従来のシャイフに優越する新しい村長職(ウムダ‘umda)が設けられ,彼らはトルコ人やチェルケス人らの支配層(ザワートdhawāt層)とともに特権を享受し,その地位に応じて新興の地主層を形成した。とりわけアメリカの南北戦争の勃発を契機に綿花需要が拡大すると,政府の指導によって綿作モノカルチャー体制が導入され,これらの地主層は綿作農場主として多額の富を手中にした。…

※「‘umda」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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