town

Japanese: town
town

...Regardless of this point, in what follows we will examine the differences between the two types of local government by taking an overview of the history of local government in the United Kingdom and the United States, which belong to the Anglo-Saxon type, and France and Germany, which belong to the continental type.
[Anglo-Saxon model of local government]
Since the Middle Ages, England has had a variety of local communities, such as boroughs, counties, parishes, and towns. A borough was a self-governing city that enjoyed privileges under a charter issued by the king or feudal lords.

From [City]

…The Japanese word toshi (city) was used in the mid-Meiji period and later, and is often confused with the administrative terms shi (city) and machi (town), but they are completely different concepts. In Japan, the English words town and city are used to translate administrative towns and cities, as well as settlement-based towns and cities, but in the UK, town and city are used with almost the same meaning, and town does not only mean small settlements. In the US, town means a small urban settlement as an administrative district unit, while city refers to a large urban settlement and also has the meaning of citizens and city council. …

From [Prairie Dog]

…Body length 28-33cm, tail length 3-11.5cm, weight 0.7-1.4kg. Usually, a group of about eight individuals living together, called a "cotery," has a bordering territory, builds a burrow, and forms a "town" with a total population of hundreds of thousands to millions. There were towns that once spread over an area of ​​64,000 km2 and had a population of 400 million. …

*Some of the terminology that mentions "town" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…この点はともあれ,以下では,アングロ・サクソン型に属するイギリスとアメリカ合衆国,ならびに大陸型に属するフランスとドイツの地方自治の歴史を概観することによって,両類型の差異を検討してみることにしよう。
[アングロ・サクソン型の地方自治]
 イギリスには,中世以来,バラborough,カウンティcounty,パリッシュparish(教区),タウンtownといった多様な地域社会が存在した。バラは王ないし封建諸侯が発した憲章によって特権を享受していた自治都市である。…

【都市】より

…都市という日本語は明治中期以後の語で,しばしば行政上の市や町と混同されるが,まったく別の概念である。英語のtownとcityは日本では行政上の町と市,および集落単位の町や都市の訳語にも用いられるが,イギリスではtownとcityはほぼ類似の意味で用いられ,とくにtownが小型の集落だけを意味していない。アメリカ合衆国ではtownは行政上の群区の単位としてほぼ小型の都市的集落を意味するが,cityは大型の都市的集落を指すとともに市民や市会の意味をもっている。…

【プレーリードッグ】より

…体長28~33cm,尾長3~11.5cm,体重0.7~1.4kg。 ふつう8頭前後の個体が共同生活する〈コテリーcoterie〉とよばれる集団がそれぞれになわばりを接して,巣穴をきずき,全体では数十万~数百万の個体数をもつ〈タウンtown〉となる。かつては6万4000km2にわたって広がり,個体数4億を擁するタウンも存在した。…

※「town」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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