...During this period, Islamic merchants were active, and trade with the Yuan dynasty and the Byzantines and Genoese of Crimea flourished. However, after the death of Janibeg, the unity of the country was disrupted, and the Rus' princes also defected. For a time, the left-wing king Toqtamish succeeded in reunifying the country, but in the winter of 1395-96, Timur invaded and reduced Sarai to ashes, and the country rapidly declined. In the 15th century, the khanates of Nogai Ulus, Uzbek state, Sibir Khan, Kazan Khan, Crim Khan, and Astrakhan Khan gained independence one after another from within the territory they controlled, and finally collapsed in the early 16th century. ... *Some of the terminology explanations that mention "Toqtamish" are listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…この時代,イスラム商人が活躍し,元朝やクリミアのビザンティン人やジェノバ人との貿易も栄えた。しかし,ジャーニーベクの死後,国の統一は乱れ,ルーシ諸侯も離反するなか,一時,左翼の王であるトクタミシュToqtamishが再統一に成功したが,1395∥96年の冬に,ティムールの侵入をうけてサライも灰燼に帰し,国は急速に衰退していった。15世紀には,支配領域内より,ノガイ・ウルス,ウズベク国家,シビル・ハーン,カザン・ハーン,クリム・ハーン,アストラハン・ハーンの各ハーン国が次々に独立し,16世紀初頭,ついに滅亡した。… ※「Toqtamish」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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