Company reorganization - Kaisha Seiri

Japanese: 会社整理 - かいしゃせいり
Company reorganization - Kaisha Seiri

A procedure aimed at reconstructing a company on the verge of bankruptcy under the supervision of a court in accordance with the provisions of the Commercial Code, in order to prevent the company from going into bankruptcy. This system was established by the amendment of the Commercial Code in 1938 (Showa 13) and was abolished in 2005 (Heisei 17).

The old Commercial Code stipulated the following: When a company is deemed to be in danger of becoming insolvent or insolvent, or is suspected of being insolvent, the court may, at its discretion, order the commencement of corporate reorganization upon the application of directors, auditors, minority shareholders, or creditors who meet certain requirements, or upon notice from an authority that supervises the company's operations. When an order to commence reorganization is issued, it is registered, bankruptcy petitions against the company and compulsory execution against the company's assets are no longer permitted, and those procedures that have already been commenced are suspended, and any procedures that have been suspended become invalid when the order to commence reorganization is finalized. When an order to commence reorganization is issued, the court may order the preservation of the company's assets, inspections by inspectors, supervision by supervisors or management by administrators of the company's business assets, and may order the reorganization committee to draft a reorganization plan and implement it. The reorganization is carried out by directors or administrators, and when the reorganization is completed or the need for reorganization is no longer necessary, the court may make a decision to close the reorganization and the company will return to a normal state.

Such corporate reorganization could not be enforced without the consent of all creditors, and if there was no prospect of reorganization, the company would move to bankruptcy proceedings. This system had no enforcement power over creditors, and capital reductions and mergers had to be carried out through resolutions at shareholders' meetings in accordance with the normal procedural provisions of the Commercial Code (at the time), making it less effective as a corporate restructuring measure. The Corporate Reorganization Act (Act No. 172 of 1952, fully revised to the current Act No. 154 of 2002) enacted in 1952 allowed companies to formulate reorganization plans based on the majority rule principle, and also allowed companies to reduce capital and merge without following the normal procedural provisions of the Commercial Code if the reorganization plan specified such provisions. Furthermore, the Civil Rehabilitation Act (Act No. 225 of 1999) was enacted in 1999, introducing an easy-to-use reorganization-type bankruptcy procedure that adopted the majority rule principle. As a result, the raison d'être of company reorganization as a restructuring bankruptcy processing system was deemed to have been lost, and it was abolished with the enactment of the Companies Act in 2005 (Act No. 86 of 2005).

[Shuzo Toda, Norihiko Fukuhara, and Norihiro Takeda]

"Legal Practice Series 21: Corporate Litigation, Corporate Non-Contentious Law, Corporate Reorganization, and Special Liquidation" edited by Yamaguchi Kazuo (1992, Seirin Shoin)""Corporate Reorganization, 3rd Edition, by Takagi Shinjiro (1997, Commercial Law Research Association)" ▽ "Capital Reduction, Corporate Reorganization, Liquidation, and Special Liquidation" edited by Mori Sogo Law Office and written by Kanemaru Kazuhiro (2001, Chuo Keizaisha)""Bankruptcy Law and Civil Rehabilitation Law, 2nd Edition, by Ito Makoto (2009, Yuhikaku)""Introduction to Bankruptcy Law, 4th Edition, by Yamamoto Kazuhiko (2012, Yuhikaku)"

[Reference] | Corporate Reorganization Law | Corporation | Civil Rehabilitation Law

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

破綻(はたん)に瀕(ひん)した株式会社が破産に至ることを避け、商法の規定に従い、裁判所の監督のもとに行われる会社の再建を目的とした手続。1938年(昭和13)の商法改正により設けられ、2005年(平成17)に廃止された制度である。

 旧商法では以下のように規定されていた。裁判所は、会社が支払不能または債務超過に陥るおそれがあると認められるか、または陥っている疑いがある場合に、取締役、監査役、少数株主、もしくは一定の要件を備えた債権者の申立てにより、または会社の業務を監督する官庁の通告に基づき、職権をもって会社整理の開始を命じることができる。整理開始命令があると、その登記がなされ、会社に対する破産の申立てや会社財産に対する強制執行等が許されなくなり、着手済みのそれらの手続は中止され、さらに中止していた手続は整理開始命令の確定によって失効する。開始命令があると、裁判所は、会社財産の保全処分、検査役による検査、会社の業務財産に関して監督員による監督または管理人による管理などを命ずることができ、整理委員に整理計画案の立案とその実行を命ずることができる。整理の実行は取締役または管理人が行い、これにより整理が結了し、または整理の必要がなくなったときは、裁判所は整理終結の決定をして、会社は正常の状態に復帰する。

 このような会社整理は、債権者全員の同意がなければ強行できず、また、整理の見込みがないときは破産手続に移行することとされていた。この制度は債権者に対する強制力がないほか、減資・合併等も商法(当時)の通常の手続規定に沿い株主総会等の決議等を経て行わなければならなかったため、会社再建策としての実効性に乏しかった。その後1952年(昭和27)に制定された会社更生法(昭和27年法律第172号。全面改正され、現行法は平成14年法律第154号)では、多数決原理に沿った更生計画の立案ができるようになり、また、更生計画に定めれば商法の通常の手続規定に沿わずに減資、合併等が可能となった。さらに1999年(平成11)には民事再生法(平成11年法律第225号)も制定され、多数決原理を採用した、利用しやすい再建型倒産処理手続が導入された。よって、再建型倒産処理制度としての会社整理の存在意義は失われたとされ、2005年の会社法制定(平成17年法律第86号)によって廃止された。

[戸田修三・福原紀彦・武田典浩]

『山口和男編『裁判実務大系21 会社訴訟・会社非訟・会社整理・特別清算』(1992・青林書院)』『高木新二郎著『会社整理』3訂版(1997・商事法務研究会)』『森綜合法律事務所編、金丸和弘著『減資・会社整理・清算・特別清算』(2001・中央経済社)』『伊藤眞著『破産法・民事再生法』第2版(2009・有斐閣)』『山本和彦著『倒産処理法入門』第4版(2012・有斐閣)』

[参照項目] | 会社更生法 | 株式会社 | 民事再生法

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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