It refers to a person who has a foreign nationality or who has no nationality of any country. A person who has both a foreign nationality and Japanese nationality is usually considered a Japanese national and is not treated as a foreigner. The status of foreigners has undergone many changes from the time when no rights were recognized to the present day, and ideas about how to treat foreigners have also changed from hostility, to outcastism, to xenophobia, to reciprocity, to equality. Regarding the entry and exit of foreigners, countries are not obligated under general international law to allow the entry of foreigners. However, in reality, there are many cases where two countries have made mutual promises to allow the entry of the nationals of the other country through treaties of commerce and navigation, and even when there is no treaty, it is common practice to allow entry. Many countries distinguish between temporary entry such as travel and permanent entry such as immigration, and the latter requires special permission. Foreigners are free to leave the country, and in principle, states cannot prohibit this, but on the other hand, states can force foreigners to leave the country. Extradition of criminals carried out as a form of judicial assistance and deportation (expulsion) carried out for administrative purposes are examples of forced departure. However, political criminals must not be extradited, and deportation without reason is considered an abuse of rights, and deportation or return to areas where political or other persecution awaits is not permitted. This is called the principle of non-refoulement (French: non-refoulement). In addition, foreigners who stay in Japan for more than 90 days must apply and submit a photograph to receive a registration certificate from their city, town, or village. The fingerprinting requirement was waived for long-term residents with permanent residency status in the 1992 amendment, and was abolished for non-permanent residents in the 1999 amendment. On July 15, 2009, the Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act (Cabinet Order No. 319 of 1951) and the Special Act on the Immigration Control of Persons Who Have Lost Japanese Nationality Pursuant to the Treaty of Peace with Japan (Law No. 71 of 1991) were amended. As a result, a new residence management system, including the issuance of residence cards, was introduced (to be implemented within three years of the amendment), and the alien registration system was abolished. When a foreigner enters the territory of a country, he or she is, in principle, subject to the jurisdiction of the country in which he or she is staying, and is subject to the same obligations as its citizens, except for military service and educational obligations. There are no generally established international laws regarding the rights enjoyed by foreigners, but the principle of equality between Japanese and foreign nationals is generally recognized under private law. Foreigners are generally not granted political rights, and under other public law, foreigners are often treated differently from Japanese nationals. However, the idea of international human rights protection as seen in the International Covenant on Human Rights aims for equality between Japanese and foreign nationals under public law as well. Furthermore, some permanent foreign residents have been hired as public servants in Japan, and granting them local voting rights remains an issue. [Kentaro Serida] [References] | | | | ActSource: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
外国の国籍をもっているか、いずれの国の国籍ももたない者をさす。外国の国籍をもつと同時に日本の国籍ももっている者は、通常、内国人とみなされ、外国人としては取り扱われない。外国人の地位は、なんらの権利も認められなかった時代から現代に至るまで多くの変遷を経てきており、外国人処遇の考え方も、敵視主義、賤外(せんがい)主義、排外主義、相互主義、平等主義と移り変わってきている。 外国人の入出国については、国家は一般国際法上、外国人の入国を許さなければならない義務を負っていない。しかし実際には、2国間の通商航海条約などによって、互いに相手国国民の入国を許すことを約束していることが多く、また条約がない場合にも、慣行上入国を許しているのが通常である。多くの国は、旅行その他の一時的入国と、移民のような永続的入国とを区別し、後者は特別許可を条件としている。外国人の出国は自由であって、国家は原則としてこれを禁止することはできないが、他方、国家は外国人の出国を強制することができる。司法共助として行われる犯罪人引渡しと、行政目的でなされる退去強制(追放)が出国強制の場合である。しかし、政治犯罪人は引き渡してはならず、また理由のない退去強制は権利乱用と考えられるし、政治的その他の迫害の待つ地域に向けて追放・送還することは許されない。これを追放・送還禁止(ノン・ルフールマンnon-refoulement、フランス語)の原則という。 また、日本に90日以上在留する外国人は、所定の申請と顔写真の提出により、市区町村から登録証明書の交付を受けなければならない。この申請時の指紋押捺(おうなつ)制度は、1992年(平成4)の改正で、永住資格をもつ定住外国人について免除され、1999年の改正では、非永住者についても廃止された。なお、2009年7月15日に、「出入国管理及び難民認定法」(昭和26年政令第319号)と、「日本国との平和条約に基づき日本の国籍を離脱した者等の出入国管理に関する特例法」(平成3年法律第71号)の改正が行われた。これによって在留カードの交付など新たな在留管理制度が導入され(実施は改正より3年以内)、これに伴って外国人登録制度は廃止されることとなった。 外国人は一国の領域内に入ると、原則として、滞在国の管轄権に服し、兵役や教育の義務を除き、国民と同様の義務を負う。外国人の享有する権利について国際法上一般的に確定したものはないが、私法上では内外人平等の原則が一般的に認められている。政治上の権利は外国人に認められないのが普通であり、そのほか公法上、外国人は内国人と異なる取扱いを受けることが少なくない。しかし、「国際人権規約」にみられる国際人権保障の考えは公法上でも内外人平等を目ざしている。また、日本でも定住外国人の公務員採用が一部実現しており、地方参政権賦与が課題とされている。 [芹田健太郎] [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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