Metayage (English spelling)

Japanese: métayage(英語表記)metayage
Metayage (English spelling)

…In the 16th century, the urban bourgeoisie (townspeople) who had made their fortunes in commerce, industry, and finance, in search of safe investment opportunities, bought large amounts of farmland and rented it out to tenants, and the feudal lords themselves expanded their territories and rented them out to tenants. As a result of this transformation of the bourgeoisie into landlords and the feudal lords themselves into landlords, the tenancy system developed rapidly. In 16th and 17th century France, it was common for landlords to divide their large land holdings into several lots and rent them out to small tenant farmers. The form of rent collection was either a fixed amount of money or a fixed amount of produce, or a fixed percentage of the harvest (usually split between the landlord and the tenant) between the landlord and the tenant. The former was called fermage, and the latter was called métayage. Tenancy contracts lasted from three to nine years, but in the 18th century, nine-year contracts became more common. …

From 【50/50 share】

…Fifty-fifty tenancy is often practiced when the tenant farmer is poor and unstable in his ability to pay rent, so the landlord secures rent by lending the tenant farmer half of the seeds and livestock necessary in advance, and collecting half of the agricultural produce (including the increase in livestock) after the harvest. Japan's kariwake tenancy also belongs to this type, but in Europe, the most representative examples are the French métayage and the Italian mezzadria from the 16th to 19th centuries. [Otsuka Tadamitsu]…

From [Sharecropping]

…Therefore, this tenant system is often seen in the early modern period when agricultural productivity was low, or in poor, backward regions, and often disappears with the modernization of agriculture. Representative examples include sharecropping (métayage) in France from the 16th to 19th centuries, and that in Italy (mezzadria), as well as sharecropping (share cropper) in the United States and kariwake tenant farming in Japan. [Otsuka Tadamitsu]. …

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "métayage" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…16世紀には商工業や金融業で産をなした都市のブルジョア(町人)が安全な投資先を求めて大量に農地を購入してこれを小作せしめ,また領主自身も直領地を拡大してこれを小作せしめるようになったから,こうしたブルジョアの地主化と領主自身の地主化とによって,小作制度は急速に進展した。16,17世紀のフランスでは,地主はその大土地所有をいくつかに区分して小規模な小作農民に小作させるのが通例で,小作料徴収の形態としては,一定額の貨幣または一定量の生産物を徴収する場合と,収穫物を一定の割合(主として折半)で地主と小作人とで分け合う場合とがあり,前者は定額小作fermage,後者は分益小作métayageと呼ばれる。小作契約期間は3年ないし9年であったが,18世紀には9年契約が増加した。…

【折半小作】より

…折半小作が行われるのは,小作農民が貧しくて小作料支払能力が不安定である場合が多く,地主は,あらかじめ小作農民に必要な種子の半分や家畜の半分を貸し付け,収穫後に,生産された農産物(家畜の増加分を含む)の半分を徴収することによって,小作料を確保するのである。日本の刈分(かりわけ)小作もこれに属するが,ヨーロッパでは,16~19世紀のフランスのメテヤージュmétayage,イタリアのメッザドリーアmezzadriaなどがその代表的なものである。【遅塚 忠躬】。…

【分益小作】より

…したがって,この小作制度は,農業生産力の低い近世初めや,貧困な後進地域などに多くみられ,農業の近代化とともに消滅する場合が多い。16~19世紀のフランスの分益小作(メテイヤージュmétayage)や,イタリアのそれ(メッザドリーアmezzadria)などが代表的なものであり,アメリカ合衆国のシェア・クロッピングshare‐cropping(シェア・クロッパー)や日本の刈分(かりわけ)小作などもこれに属する。【遅塚 忠躬】。…

※「métayage」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

<<:  Metathelae

>>:  Metcalf, J.

Recommend

《Deciphering the Orkhon and Yenisei Inscriptions》

...As for Indo-European languages, he wrote paper...

Production management

It has both management and legal significance, al...

Major scale (English)

A heptonic scale with a major third as the third ...

Cassiopeia R Star - Cassiopeia R Star

…Gamma Cassiopeia is an irregular variable star l...

Maize (corn) - Zea mays; corn; Indian corn; maize

A large annual grass of the grass family. It is sa...

Permissible Concentration - Kyoyou no Udo

This is an occupational hygiene index concentrati...

Jean (Hans) Arp

Born in Strasbourg, France, he was a painter, scu...

Haemanthus natalensis (English spelling) Haemanthusnatalensis

…[Tora Saburo Kawabata]. … *Some of the terminolo...

Linguistic genealogy - Gengokeitoron (English spelling) Linguistic genealogy

Languages ​​that are related to one another, that ...

Otowaya - Otowaya

The stage name used by the kabuki actors Onoe Kiku...

Flower primordium - Kagenki

…In vascular plants, even after the embryo has fi...

Turicum

…A town that developed on either side of the Limm...

Bucconidae

…General term for birds of the Bucconidae family ...

Dirty Harry

An American film produced in 1971. Original title:...

Hato (Pigeon) - Pigeon

A general term for birds of the Columbidae family....