Norfolk rotation

Japanese: Norfolk rotation（英語表記）Norfolkrotation

…Instead of the open land system and the rural community, the large farm system and the tripartite system, that is, the class relationship between large landowners, capitalist tenants, and agricultural workers, were generally established. The improved agricultural machinery brought about by the Industrial Revolution was adopted by these large farms, and improved agriculture that could not be practiced on open land (rotational agriculture represented by the Norfolk rotation, and the adoption of improved livestock and crop varieties) became widespread. In other words, the capitalization of agriculture as a whole, based on the transformation of agricultural technology, progressed rapidly, and in that sense, the Agricultural and Agrarian Revolution, which truly deserves the name Agricultural Revolution, became a reality. …

From [Rotational Farming]

…Later, the three-field system evolved into the improved three-field system or cereal system, which cultivated pasture on fallow land. In the early 18th century, the four-field rotation system, which divided the cultivated land into four parts and planted grains, pasture, and root vegetables in turn, was established in England through the inventive and efforts of Charles Townshend (1674-1738). The Norfolk rotation, named after the place where it originated in the east of England, is based on the cultivation of four parts of cultivated land by rotating wheat, fodder turnip (a root vegetable), barley, and red clover in turn. The animal-powered row seeder and cultivator, which were invented to cultivate fodder turnips, which had previously been cultivated intensively in orchards near settlements, on large cultivated land, were also applied to grains, which had previously been cultivated extensively. …

*Some of the terminology that refers to "Norfolk rotation" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…開放耕地制と農村共同体に代わり，大農場制と〈三分割制〉すなわち大土地所有者―資本家的借地経営者―農業労働者という階級関係が一般的に成立した。そして産業革命がもたらした改良農機具がそれらの大農場にとり入れられ，開放耕地では行えなかった改良農業(〈ノーフォーク式輪作Norfolk rotation〉に代表される〈輪栽式農業〉や，家畜および農作物の改良品種の採用)が普及した。つまり，農業技術の変革に基礎づけられた農業全体の資本主義化が急激に進行したのであって，その意味でまさに〈農業革命〉の名にふさわしい〈Agricultural and Agrarian Revolution〉が現実のものとなった。…

【輪栽式農法】より

…その後三圃式農法は，休閑地に牧草を栽培する改良三圃式または穀草式と呼ばれる農法へと展開していくが，さらに18世紀の初めには，耕地を4分し，穀類と牧草および根菜類を順次作付けする四圃式の輪栽農法がタウンゼンドCharles Townshend(1674‐1738)の考案，努力によってイギリスで確立する。　イギリス，イングランド東部の発祥地にちなんで名づけられたノーフォーク輪栽Norfolk rotationは，4分された耕地に順次コムギ，飼料カブ(根菜)，オオムギ，アカクローバーを輪作し耕地を運用することを基本としている。それまで集落近辺の園地で集約的に栽培されていた飼料カブを，広大な耕地で栽培するために案出された畜力条播（じようはん）機および中耕機は，それまで粗放的に栽培されていた穀類にも適用されることになる。…

※「Norfolk rotation」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について | 情報

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