Patronage

Japanese: patronage

…In Prussia, civil service examinations were already being implemented in the first half of the 18th century. Meanwhile, in Britain, patronage (the appointment of civil servants on the basis of personal connections) dominated, but reforms in 1855 and 1870 led to the adoption of an open competitive examination system. The United States also reformed its spoils system, and in 1883 the Civil Service Act (Pendleton Act), which provided for open competitive examinations, was enacted. …

From [Appointment on Personal Interests]

…In English, it is called patronage. This word originally meant the right to recommend candidates for vacant positions in a church or temple, but it has come to mean giving priority to relatives, friends, political supporters, etc. for official appointments, or granting them contracts, voting rights, honors, etc. …

*Some terminology explanations that mention "patronage" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…またプロイセンでは18世紀前半にすでに官吏任用試験が実施されていた。一方イギリスでは官吏の情実任用patronageが支配していたが，1855年と70年の改革により公開競争試験制度が採用されるようになった。アメリカも猟官制度spoils systemを改革し，公開競争試験を規定した公務員法(ペンドルトン法)が83年に成立した。…