cnez

Japanese: cnez

...Most of the Magyar settlers were merchants and farmers, and they developed an urban economy, as can be seen from the Hungarian origin of the Romanian words for town (oraş) and commodity (marfǎ). However, there was some resistance from the natives to the feudalization of society, and some systems, such as the blakh and the Slavic cnez (local chieftain in charge of military affairs, justice, and taxation), continued to exist for a time. For defense against foreign enemies and economic development, the Hungarian king had to make use of foreign colonists and Székelys.

From Wallachia

...The Asen dynasty, which inhabited the area south of the Danube and founded the Second Bulgarian Empire, was also found to have had Vlakh elements; in fact, a papal bull from Pope Gregory IX (1237) called the king "lord of the Bulgarians and Vlakhs". These Vlakh communities had a customary law called the Vlakh law, and were led by a chief called a cnez or judec, and the military chief of the confederation of communities was a voievod. Many of these communities lost their privileges and were assimilated with the expansion of feudal rule in the 15th and 16th centuries, but it was Wallachia and Moldova that succeeded in forming their own Vlakh states.

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "cnez" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…マジャール人移住者の多くは商人と農民であったが，ルーマニア語の町oraş，商品marfǎ等のことばがハンガリー語起源であることからもわかるように，彼らは都市経済を発達させた。しかし社会の封建化に対しては原住民の抵抗もみられ，たとえばブラフ，スラブ人のクネズcnez(軍事，司法，徴税をつかさどる地方の頭目)の制度のように，なおしばらく存続したものもあった。また外敵の防衛と経済発展のために，ハンガリー国王は外国人植民者やセーケイ人を利用しなければならなかった。…

【ワラキア】より

…またドナウ川南岸地域にも居住し，第二ブルガリア帝国を建てたアセン王朝にはブラフ人の要素が認められ，事実その国王を〈ブルガリア人とブラフ人の支配者〉と呼んでいるローマ教皇グレゴリウス9世の勅書(1237)もある。このようなブラフ人の共同体はブラフ人の法と呼ばれる慣習法をもち，クネズcnezあるいはジュデツjudecと呼ばれる首長に率いられ，さらに共同体連合の軍事的な首長にはボイェボドvoievodがいた。これらの共同体の多くは15～16世紀に強まる領主制支配の拡延によって特権を失い同化されていったが，ブラフ人自身の国家形成に成功したのがワラキアとモルドバだったのである。…

※「cnez」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について | 情報

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