The motion of a mass moving around a circle on a plane. As shown in In this way, to keep an object in circular motion, a centripetal force must be constantly applied. For example, if a weight is tied to a string and rotated, the weight will constantly move away from the center, but to resist this and keep the circular motion going, it is necessary to constantly pull the string. This is the centripetal force acting through the string. The tendency to move away from the center can be thought of as an apparent force, the centrifugal force. Of course, a centripetal force does not necessarily have to be pulled by a string. It can also be Newton's gravitational force or the Coulomb force that acts between particles with positive and negative static electricity. Under these forces, objects generally move on parabolic, hyperbolic, or elliptical orbits. Circular motion occurs when the major and minor axes of the elliptical orbit are equal. In fact, it is known that the planets in the solar system, which move under the action of gravitation, move on elliptical orbits that are close to a circle around the sun. Also, like the Moon, artificial satellites move in nearly circular elliptical orbits under the influence of the Earth's gravitational force. [Yasuhisa Abe] ©Shogakukan "> Circular motion (diagram) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
質点が平面上の一つの円周上を回る運動のこと。 このように、物体に円運動を続けさせるためには、絶えず向心力を作用させなければならない。たとえば、「おもり」を「ひも」で結び、回転させると、「おもり」は絶えず中心から遠ざかろうとするが、これに抗して円運動を続けさせるためには、絶えず「ひも」を引っ張っていることが必要である。これは「ひも」を通じて向心力を作用させていることになる。なお、中心から遠ざかろうとする傾向は見かけの力、遠心力が働いていると考えることができる。もちろん向心力としては、かならずしも「ひも」を用いて引っ張る必要はない。ニュートンの万有引力や、プラスとマイナスの静電気をもつ粒子の間に働くクーロン力でもよい。これらの力のもとで物体は一般に放物線、双曲線または楕円(だえん)軌道上を運動する。円運動は楕円軌道の長軸と短軸とが等しい場合である。実際、万有引力の作用のもとで運動している太陽系の惑星は、太陽の周りの円に近い楕円軌道上を運動していることが知られている。また人工衛星は、月と同様、地球の引力の作用のもとでの円に近い楕円軌道上の運動をしている。 [阿部恭久] ©Shogakukan"> 円運動〔図〕 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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