...The social influence of the ulama of this sect is much stronger than in other Sunni countries. This is because the high-ranking Shiite ulama, ayatullahs and mojtaheds, are recognized as jurists who interpret and apply Islamic law, and are given the function of bringing order to society. Even though European-style secular laws such as civil and criminal codes were enacted during the reign of Reza Shah, Islam lived on not only as a faith but also as a traditional legal system and social norms, and this social structure led to the rise of the ulama represented by Khomeini during the Iranian Revolution. From the Twelver…As a result, the theory of the supreme authority (marjah‐e taqlid) of legal scholars independent of dynastic rule was reaffirmed. In modern times, the senior mujtahids hold the title of ayatullah, and below them are many legal scholars called ḥujjat al‐Islām. The ḥuze‐ye 'ilmiye, a school attached to a mosque or a holy place where students study around these legal scholars, is located in Qom, southern Iraq (Atabat). … *Some of the terminology explanations that mention "āyatullāh" are listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…この派のウラマーがもつ社会的な影響力は他のスンナ派諸国よりもはるかに強い。それはシーア派の高位のウラマーであるアーヤトッラーāyatullāh,モジュタヘドmojtahedの手にイスラム法を解釈,運用する法学者としての権利が認められていて,社会に秩序を与えていく機能をもたされているからである。レザー・シャー期に,民法,刑法等のヨーロッパ的な世俗法が制定されても,イスラムは信仰の面ばかりでなく,伝統的な法体系,社会規範として生きており,このような社会構造がイラン革命に際してホメイニーによって代表されるウラマーを台頭させることになったのである。… 【十二イマーム派】より…この結果,王朝支配から独立する法学者の〈最高権威(マルジャエ・タクリードmarjah‐e taqlīd)〉説が再確認された。近・現代にはムジュタヒドの上級者がアーヤトッラーāyatullāhの称号をもち,その下にフッジャトル・イスラームḥujjat al‐Islāmと称される法学者が多数いる。これら法学者を囲んで学生が学ぶモスク付属ないし聖地付属の学院ḥuze‐ye ‘ilmīyeが,コム,イラク南部(アタバート)にある。… ※「āyatullāh」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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