Echigo

Japanese: 越 - こし

In ancient times, this place name referred to the northeastern part of the coastal area of the Sea of Japan on Honshu, and was also written as Koshi, Takashi, or Furuno. It corresponds to the provinces of Echizen, Kaga, Noto, Etchu, Echigo, and Dewa after the Ritsuryo period. In the Nihon Shoki, in addition to "Etsu Province," it is also referred to as "Etsu Kai," "Etsu no Ji," "Etsu no Cho," and "Etsube Emishi," and there are articles about offerings of Shirakaba, fuel soil, and fuel water. It appears as a source of labor for the Kinai royal authority, a supply base for dealing with the Emishi, and a route for Goguryeo envoys to cross the border. In the creation myth in the Nihon Shoki, "Koshi no Shima" is mentioned in addition to "Oyamato Toyoakizu Shima," which refers to Honshu, and it is thought that until late in life it was a highly independent region with little connection to the Kinai royal authority. The Kojiki's "Orochi of Yamata in Koshi" and the Izumo no Kuni Fudoki's "Misaki in Tsutsu in Koshi" legends suggest a connection with the San'in region to the west, while the Nihon Shoki's article on the arrival of Goguryeo envoys in the 31st year of Emperor Kinmei's reign tells of exchanges with the region on the opposite side of the Sea of Japan. It is said that the Yohoro people of Echigo were requisitioned to build the Kudara Daiji Temple (ibid.), and this is the first known article showing that Echigo was strictly under the control of the Kinai royal authority. With the implementation of the kokuhyo system at the end of the 7th century, Echizen was divided into three provinces: Echizen, Etchu, and Echigo. Later, Echigo was divided into Dewa, and Echizen was divided into Noto and Kaga. The ancient aristocrats' views of Echigo are symbolized by the pillow word ``shinazakaru.''

Etsu

(1) A country located in what is now Zhejiang region in China from the end of the Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States Period. Its capital was in Kuaiji (Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province). It fought with Wu in the north, and King Guzhan defeated King Fuchai of Wu in 473 BC to become the ruler. After his death, it declined and was destroyed by Chu around 306 BC. → Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period (2) One of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. Also known as Wu Yue. Existed from 908 to 978. Its capital was Qiantang (Hangzhou) and it was destroyed by the Song Dynasty. (3) Many of the Vietnamese dynasties were also called "Yue." Dai Qu Viet was founded in the 10th century, and the Ly Dynasty in the 11th century and the Tran Dynasty in the 13th century named their country "Dai Viet." The name of the country, Vietnam, is a local pronunciation of the Chinese character "Yue Nan."
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Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:

古代における本州の日本海沿岸域北東部を指す地名で，古志・高志・古之とも書く。律令期以降の越前・加賀・能登・越中・越後・出羽各国にあたる。《日本書紀》には〈越国〉のほか，〈越海〉〈越之路〉〈越之丁〉〈越辺蝦夷〉などとみえ，白鹿・燃土・燃水が献上されたとの記事があり，畿内(きない)王権における労働力源，蝦夷(えぞ)対策の補給基地，高句麗(こうくり)使の渡来経路などとして現れる。《日本書紀》の国生み神話には，本州を意味する〈大日本豊秋津洲(おおやまととよあきづしま)〉とは別に〈越洲(こしのしま)〉があげられており，遅くまで畿内王権と関係の薄い独立性の高い地域であったと考えられる。《古事記》の〈高志の八俣(やまた)の遠呂智(おろち)〉や《出雲国風土記》の〈高志の都都(つつ)の三埼(みさき)〉の国引き伝承などは西方の山陰地方との結びつきを示唆し，《日本書紀》欽明(きんめい)天皇31年条の高句麗使着岸の記事などは，日本海対岸地域との交流を伝えている。百済大(くだらだい)寺の造営に越の丁(よほろ)などが徴発されたといい（同書），厳密な意味で越が畿内王権の管理下に置かれたことを示す初見記事とされる。７世紀末の国評(こくひょう)制施行によって越前・越中・越後の３国に分立。その後越後国から出羽国，越前国から能登国・加賀国が分立した。なお越に対する古代貴族の観念は，枕詞(まくらことば)の〈しな離(ざか)る〉に象徴されている。

越【えつ】

（１）中国，春秋末期から戦国時代に，今の浙江地方にあった国。会稽（浙江省紹興）に都した。北方の呉と争い，王句践(こうせん)は前473年呉王夫差(ふさ)を破り覇者となった。その死後は衰え，前306年ごろ楚に滅ぼされる。→春秋戦国時代（２）五代十国の一つ。呉越とも。908年―978年存続。銭塘（杭州）に都し，宋に滅ぼされた。（３）ベトナムの王朝も〈越〉を称したものが多い。10世紀には大瞿越(ダイコーベト)が建国し，11世紀のリ（李）朝，13世紀のチャン（陳）朝は国号を〈大越〉（ダイベト）とした。ベトナムという国号も，漢字の〈越南〉を現地音で読んだものである。
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