SDR - SDR

Japanese: SDR - えすでぃーあーる
SDR - SDR

Special Drawing Rights is the abbreviation for the International Monetary Fund (IMF). It is the right to withdraw international currencies such as the US dollar when an IMF member country runs out of foreign currency, and is considered an international reserve asset. Special Drawing Rights are allocated to IMF member countries according to their contribution ratio to the IMF, and in the event of a financial or economic crisis, they can sell their Special Drawing Rights to other member countries and exchange them for US dollars, euros, Japanese yen, etc. For this reason, Special Drawing Rights are also called reserve currencies, and the currency unit is the SDR. Currently, the value of Special Drawing Rights is determined by a weighted average (standard basket method) based on the trade volume of the five major currencies: the US dollar, the British pound, the Japanese yen, the euro, and the Chinese yuan. The amount of each currency in the basket is reviewed every five years. For this reason, the SDR is not a real currency, but a type of synthetic currency or cryptocurrency. As of March 2019, 204.2 billion SDRs had been issued and allocated, with a value of 1 SDR = $1.47638 as of December 2020. Special Drawing Rights are held exclusively by governments and are not available to companies or individuals.

After World War II, with the expansion of world trade, the IMF established the Special Drawing Rights in 1969 to supplement the reserve assets of member countries in place of dollars and gold. Its role is to support countries that are short of foreign currency due to financial and economic crises and to prevent the spread of crises to other countries. Initially, the value of the SDR was denominated in gold (1 SDR = 0.888671 grams of pure gold), but with the transition to a floating exchange rate system, the gold denomination was discontinued and the currency value was determined by a basket of the currencies of 16 major countries with a large trade ratio. To further simplify the system, it was revised in 1981 to a basket of currencies of the United States, the United Kingdom, West Germany, Japan, and France. Since 1986, the component currencies have been reviewed every five years, and the euro was adopted as a component currency in 2001, and the Chinese yuan in 2016. To become a component currency, a currency must meet two conditions: (1) a large trade volume and (2) it can be traded freely. If a currency is adopted as a component currency, it is recognized as an international currency that is widely used around the world.

[Takeshi Yano April 18, 2018]

[References] | International Monetary Fund

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

国際通貨基金(IMF)の特別引出権special drawing rightsの略称。IMF加盟国が外貨不足に陥った際、アメリカ・ドルなどの国際通貨を引き出せる権利のことで、国際準備資産と位置づけられる。IMF加盟国にはIMFへの出資比率に応じて特別引出権が割り当てられ、金融・経済危機で外貨が不足した場合、特別引出権を他の加盟国に売って、アメリカ・ドル、ユーロ、日本円などにかえてもらうことが可能である。このため特別引出権は準備通貨ともよばれ、通貨単位にはSDRが用いられる。現在、特別引出権の価値はアメリカ・ドル、イギリス・ポンド、日本円、ユーロ、中国人民元の主要5通貨の貿易量に応じた加重平均(標準バスケット方式)で決められる。またバスケットのなかの各通貨の額は5年ごとに見直される。このためSDRは実在する通貨ではなく、合成通貨や暗号資産の一種でもある。特別引出権は2019年3月時点で2042億SDRが発行・配分され、その価値は2020年12月時点で1SDR=1.47638ドルである。特別引出権は政府のみが保有し、企業や個人は入手できない。

 第二次世界大戦後、世界貿易の拡大に伴って、ドルや金にかわる加盟国の準備資産を補完する目的で、1969年にIMFが特別引出権を創設した。金融・経済危機で外貨が不足した国を支援し、危機の他国への連鎖を防ぐ役割を担っている。当初、SDRの価値は金によって表示(1SDR=純金0.888671グラム)されたが、変動為替(かわせ)相場制への移行で金表示をやめ、貿易比重の大きい主要16か国の通貨価値のバスケットで決めることになった。さらに簡便化するため1981年にアメリカ、イギリス、西ドイツ、日本、フランスの通貨バスケットに改正された。1986年からは5年ごとに構成通貨を見直しており、2001年にユーロが、2016年には中国人民元が構成通貨に採用された。構成通貨になるには、(1)貿易量が多い、(2)自由に取引できる、の2条件を満たす必要がある。構成通貨に採用されれば、世界で広く使用されている国際通貨として信認されたことになる。

[矢野 武 2018年4月18日]

[参照項目] | 国際通貨基金

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