Wafd Party - Hizb al-wafd

Japanese: ワフド党 - わふどとう(英語表記)Hizb al-wafd
Wafd Party - Hizb al-wafd

An Egyptian nationalist political party established in 1924. Wafd means "representative."

After the Arabi Revolt of 1879-82, Britain placed Egypt under military rule, and made it a protectorate in the wake of World War I in 1914. Egypt confronted the British authorities over the issue of sending a delegation (Wafd) to demand independence at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, and this sparked the anti-British independence struggle (1919 Revolution), which became the basis for the formation of the party.

As anti-British protests among Egyptians grew, Britain declared nominal independence for Egypt while preserving military rule and special privileges, and the Kingdom of Egypt was established in 1922. Constitutional government was established in 1923, and the Wafd Party was formed in 1924, led by Sa'd Zaghlūl (1857-1927), a leader of the anti-British movement. The party proclaimed "Egypt for Egyptians" and demanded complete independence. While seeking reconciliation between Muslims and Coptic Christians, the party won the overwhelming support of the people, and as the leading party in parliament, it posed a major threat to the Egyptian court and British authorities.

However, after Zaghloul's death in 1927, Nahas became the party's leader, and the party's character as a party of the landlord and bourgeoisie (capitalist class) came to the fore. Especially after the Great Depression, the party's unique characteristics strengthened as Egyptian capitalism developed in contrast to the impoverishment of the urban masses and peasants. As the Egyptian bourgeoisie rose to power, the party's emphasis shifted from its demand for complete independence to the normalization of political and economic relations with Britain. The Anglo-Egyptian Treaty concluded by Nahas in 1936 achieved a tentative degree of complete independence, but in exchange allowed the presence of British troops, which in effect created the cause of the British occupation during and after World War II. From the late 1930s, the emergence of popular political forces such as the Muslim Brotherhood, leftist forces, and the Free Officers, as well as divisions within the party, caused the party to gradually lose popular support. After that, the party maintained a pro-British stance, but in 1952, following the success of the Egyptian Revolution led by Naguib and the Free Officers movement, which aimed to overthrow the monarchy and break away from British military rule, the party was dissolved along with other political parties in the following year, 1953.

Later, with the political revolution of the Sadat regime, which adopted a course towards de-Nasserization, the New Wafd Party was revived in 1978 as one of the critical forces. However, as public discontent with the class disparities that had arisen from Sadat's open economy began to grow, Sadat suppressed the critical forces, and the New Wafd Party was forced to disband three months later. It was later revived again in 1983 under the Mubarak regime, and became one of the 10 legal political parties as a nationalist centrist party. In the 1995 election, the party won 6 seats out of 444 directly elected seats in parliament. It publishes the party's official newspaper, Al-Wafd.

[Hiroshi Fujii]

P. M. Holt: Political and Social Change in Modern Egypt (1967, Oxford University Press) P. J. Vatikiotis: A Modern History of Egypt (1980, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London) Suzuki Hasshi (ed. Egypt) (1996, Shinchosha)

[References] | Arabi Revolt | Anglo-Egyptian Treaty | Egyptian Revolution | Copts | Sadat | Naguib | Nasser | Nahas | Mubarak

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

1924年に成立したエジプトの民族主義政党。ワフドwafdとは「代表者」の意。

 1879~82年のアラービーの反乱以後、イギリスはエジプトを軍事支配下に置き、1914年の第一次世界大戦を契機に保護国とした。エジプトは、19年のパリ講和会議へ向け独立を要求するための代表団(ワフド)を派遣する問題でイギリス当局と対決し、これをきっかけに勃発(ぼっぱつ)した反英独立闘争(一九一九年革命)の口火を切ったワフド運動が党結成の母体となった。

 エジプト国民による反英運動が高まってくると、イギリスは軍事支配や特権を温存しながら名目的にエジプトの独立を宣言し、1922年エジプト王国が成立した。23年立憲政治が開始され、24年反英運動の指導者サード・ザグルールSa‘d Zaghlūl(1857―1927)を党首とするワフド党が誕生した。同党は「エジプト人のためのエジプト」を標榜(ひょうぼう)し、完全独立の要求を掲げた。イスラム教徒とキリスト教系コプト教徒との融和を図りながら、国民の圧倒的多数の支持を獲得し、つねに議会の第一党としてエジプト宮廷やイギリス当局に大きな脅威を与えた。

 しかし、1927年ザグルール死後、ナハスが党首に就任し、同党の地主・ブルジョアジー(資本家階層)政党としての性格が前面に出た。とくに世界恐慌後、都市の大衆や農民の窮乏化と対照的にエジプト資本主義が発展し、同党特有の性格が強まっていった。エジプトのブルジョアジーが台頭するにつれ、党の掲げる完全独立要求の力点は、しだいにイギリスとの政治的・経済的関係の正常化に移っていった。36年、ナハスが締結したイギリス・エジプト条約は、いちおうの完全独立は果たしたが、引き換えにイギリス軍の駐留を認め、第二次世界大戦中・戦後を通じ、事実上イギリス軍占領の因をつくった。30年代後半から、ムスリム同胞団、左翼勢力、自由将校団など大衆政治勢力の出現や党内分裂もあり、同党はしだいに大衆的支持を失っていった。以後、親英的立場に命脈をつないだが、52年ナギブや、ナセル率いる自由将校団による、王制打倒とイギリス軍事支配からの脱却を目ざしたエジプト革命の成功で、翌53年ほかの政党とともに解散させられた。

 その後、脱ナセル化路線をとるサダト政権の政治革命により、1978年批判勢力の一つとして新ワフド党が復活した。しかし、サダトの開放経済が元で生じた階級間格差に対する国民の不満が高まりだすと、サダトは批判勢力を封じ込め、新ワフド党は3か月後解散に追いやられた。その後、83年ムバラク政権時に再復活し、民族主義中道派として合法10政党の一つとなった。95年選挙の議会の議席数は、直接選挙分444議席中6議席であった。機関紙『アルワフド』を発行している。

[藤井宏志]

『P. M. HoltPolitical and Social Change in Modern Egypt(1967, Oxford University Press)』『P. J. VatikiotisA Modern History of Egypt(1980, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London)』『鈴木八司監修『エジプト』(1996・新潮社)』

[参照項目] | アラービーの反乱 | イギリス・エジプト条約 | エジプト革命 | コプト | サダト | ナギブ | ナセル | ナハス | ムバラク

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