Laurent - Auguste Laurent

Japanese: ローラン - ろーらん(英語表記)Auguste Laurent
Laurent - Auguste Laurent

French chemist. After graduating from the School of Mines, he worked for a time as an assistant to J. B. Dumas and at a porcelain factory in Sèvres while continuing his research. His first research was on naphthalene, where he discovered anthracene in coal tar (1832). His controversial nature caused him a lot of trouble, but he was fortunate to be appointed as a chemistry lecturer at the University of Bordeaux, where he worked for six years from 1839. This was the most productive period in terms of research, and he isolated many new substances, including the discovery of isatin. In 1843, he met Gerhardt and they hit it off, and they continued their joint research for seven years, focusing on determining the molecular formulas of compounds. In 1845, the two of them founded the Monthly Journal of Chemistry. In the same year, he was elected a corresponding member of the Academie des Sciences, but unable to bear the disadvantages of being in the countryside, he moved to Paris, where he obtained a position as an inspector at the Mint after much difficulty. At the end of 1850, a chemistry post became available at the Collège de France, and Laurent was initially selected, but the Academie des Sciences reversed his nomination and appointed Barrard instead. He later contracted tuberculosis and ended his unfortunate life.

His manuscript, entitled "Methods of Chemistry," was published in 1854. He boldly advanced Dumas' theory of substitution, which states that hydrogen and chlorine can simply be interchanged, and claimed that neither the structure nor the properties would change, thus overturning Berzelius' electrochemical dualism. Based on this theory, he attempted to classify organic compounds, assuming that all other compounds are derived from hydrocarbons with a small number of basic carbon skeletons through substitution and addition. This is notable as an early method of classification based on structure, but it was only hypothetical.

[Akira Yoshida]

[Reference] | Chemical bond | Gerardt | Dumas

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

フランスの化学者。鉱山学校卒業後、一時J・B・デュマのもとで助手をつとめ、セーブルの陶磁器工場で働いたりしながら、研究を続けた。最初に取り組んだのはナフタレンの研究で、コールタール中にアントラセンをみいだした(1832)。論争をいとわない性格からトラブルが多かったが、さいわいボルドー大学化学講師に任命され、1839年から6年間勤めた。この時期が研究面ではもっとも収穫のあったときで、イサチンの発見など多くの新物質を分離した。1843年にゲルアルトと会って意気投合し、7年間共同研究を続け、化合物の分子式決定に力を注いだ。1845年には2人の名で『化学月報』を創刊した。同年、科学アカデミー通信会員に選ばれたが、地方にいることからくる研究上の不利に耐えかね、パリに上京し、苦労のすえ造幣局検査官の職を得た。1850年末にコレージュ・ド・フランスで化学のポストがあき、いったんはローランが選ばれたが、科学アカデミーはその指名を覆し、バラールを任命した。以後、彼は結核を患い、不運な生涯を終えた。

 彼の残した手稿は『化学の方法』と題され、1854年に出版された。彼は、単に水素と塩素が入れ替わりうるといったデュマによる置換の理論を大胆に推し進め、構造も性質も変化しないとし、ベルツェリウスによる電気化学的二元論を覆した。この理論に基づいて、少数の基本となる炭素の骨格をもった炭化水素から、置換および付加によって他のすべての有機化合物が誘導されると考え、分類を試みた。これは、初期の構造に基づく分類法として注目されるが、仮想的なものでしかなかった。

[吉田 晃]

[参照項目] | 化学結合 | ゲルアルト | デュマ

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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