This modernization of distribution took place in the latter half of the 1900s, sandwiched between mass production and mass consumption. In the production process, large-scale mass production methods such as automation were widely adopted, while in the consumption process, mass consumption structures were established, with rising income levels, urbanized lifestyles, the development of consumer organizations, and increased consumer credit. Influenced by the changes in both the distribution process and the distribution process, the need for mass distribution arose, leading to the simplification of the traditional complex distribution structure, i.e., the multi-stage wholesale industry, and the emergence of large capital and large stores in the inefficient retail industry with many small businesses. This series of phenomena is generally called the distribution revolution. This distribution revolution has progressed significantly in both aspects of trade distribution, which is the transfer of ownership of goods, and physical distribution, which is the transfer of the goods themselves. The distribution route from manufacturers through two or three levels of wholesalers to retailers has come to form a distribution system with a number of related businesses at multiple levels, mainly led by major manufacturers or large retailers. Logistics has also built a single system that covers the entire route from producers to retailers. In the case of large manufacturers, they have sought to deepen and expand their markets by treating the entire process from production to consumption of their products as a single distribution channel based on marketing techniques. In the case of retail, large retailers that purchase and sell in bulk, such as supermarkets, chain stores, and convenience stores, have expanded nationwide, causing a major shock to the traditional wholesale system. In particular, the Large-Scale Retail Store Law was abolished in 2000, and large retailers (big box) have appeared one after another. This has had a considerable impact on the residents of the related areas and on existing retail stores. In recent years, the retail industry has seen a rapid expansion of non-store sales, such as direct shipment from the producer, catalog sales, television shopping, and Internet sales, and there has been a growing trend to avoid distribution via wholesalers and retailers. The wholesale industry is being pinched between major manufacturers and large retailers, making it difficult for them to take the lead. However, there are many wholesalers that are responding adequately to the progress of the distribution revolution by strengthening their expertise in areas such as regionally oriented management and fashion products, which are areas where major capital is weak. The changes that have taken place since the 1990s, after the collapse of the so-called bubble economy, can be characterized as the second distribution revolution. First, in the small and medium-sized retail industry, there has been a rapid reduction in the number of stores, while in their place there has been an expansion and establishment of convenience stores. Next, there has been a notable slowdown in the expansion of major general supermarkets and department stores, which had been expanding rapidly up until that point, and the emergence of large suburban stores in response to motorization. Behind this lie consumers' preference for low prices, deregulation (the abolition of the Large Store Law), the development of a network of high-standard roads, the progress of the IT (information technology) revolution, and the development of logistics (the flow of goods in corporate management). Currently, the population is shrinking and aging, which could change the consumption structure and bring about new reforms in distribution. [Hiroshi Nomura] "The Second Distribution Revolution - Challenges for the 21st Century" edited by Ryusuke Kubomura and the Association for Research on Distribution Issues (1996, Nihon Keizai Shimbun)" ▽ "Seminar Introduction to Distribution" edited by Yoshihiro Tajima and Hideo Harada (1997, Nihon Keizai Shimbun)" ▽ "Distribution-related Laws You Should Know" edited by Toshiaki Nojiri (1998, Hakuto Shobo)" ▽ "Introduction to Modern Distribution" edited by Yoshitada Kato, Masamichi Saito, and Yasuyuki Sasaki (2007, Yuhikaku)" [Reference] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
1900年代後半に、大量生産と大量消費に挟まれて進行した流通の近代化である。商品の生産過程においては、オートメーションなどの大規模大量生産方式が大幅に採用され、また、消費過程においては、所得水準の上昇、生活スタイルの都市化、消費者組織の発展、消費者信用の増大など、大量消費構造が定着した。こうした流通過程に前後する両過程の変貌(へんぼう)の影響を受けて、流通過程においても大量流通の必要が生じ、従来の複雑な流通機構、すなわち多段階的な卸売業界の単純化、零細企業を多数もつ低効率な小売業界への大資本・大型店舗の出現などが生じた。これらの一連の現象を一般に流通革命とよんでいる。こうした流通革命は、商品の所有権の移動である取引流通と商品そのものの移動である物的流通の両側面にわたって、大幅に進行している。 メーカーから2ないし3段階の卸売業者を経て小売店に至る流通経路は、主として大手メーカー、あるいは大型小売店などを主導者として、関連する多段階の諸業者を構成員とする一つの流通システムを形成するようになっている。物流も生産者から小売店までの全経路にわたる一つのシステムを構築している。大規模メーカーの場合には、マーケティング手法に基づいて、自己の商品の生産から消費までの全過程を一つの流通チャネルとしてとらえ、市場の深耕と拡大を図ってきた。小売業の場合は、スーパーマーケット、チェーン・ストア、コンビニエンス・ストアなど大量仕入れ・大量販売を行う大型小売店が全国的に展開され、従来の卸売機構に大きな衝撃を与えた。とくに、2000年(平成12)に「大規模小売店舗法(大店法)」が廃止され、大型小売店(ビッグボックスbig box)の出現が相次いだ。そして、関連する地域の住民や在来の小売店舗への影響は相当大きいものがある。最近における小売業界は、産地直送、カタログ販売、テレビ・ショッピング、インターネット販売など無店舗販売が急速に拡大し、卸売店、小売店を経由する流通を回避しようとする現象が拡大している。 卸売業界は、大手メーカーや大型小売店に挟撃されて主導権をとりにくくなっている。しかし、卸売業者のなかにも、流通革命の進行に伴って、大手資本の苦手な地域指向型の経営、ファッション製品など専門性の強化などにより、十分に対応している企業も多い。 1990年代からの、いわゆるバブル崩壊後の変化は、第二次流通革命ということばで特徴づけられている。まず、中小規模の小売業界にあっては、急速な店舗数の縮小とそれに代わるコンビニエンス・ストア店舗数の拡大と定着がある。ついで、いままで急速な拡大を続けてきた大手総合スーパーマーケットや大手デパートの停滞と、モータリゼーションに対応する郊外型大規模店舗の出現が顕著になっている。この背景には、消費者の低価格指向、規制緩和(大店法の廃止)、高規格道路ネットワークの整備、IT(情報技術)革命の進行そしてロジスティクス(企業経営における物資流動)の発達がある。 現在、人口の縮小や高齢化が進行しているが、これらのことが消費構造を変化させ、流通に新しい変革を生じさせる可能性がある。 [野村 宏] 『久保村隆祐・流通問題研究協会編『第二次流通革命――21世紀への課題』(1996・日本経済新聞社)』▽『田島義博・原田英生編著『ゼミナール流通入門』(1997・日本経済新聞社)』▽『野尻俊明編著『知っておきたい流通関係法』(1998・白桃書房)』▽『加藤義忠・齋藤雅通・佐々木保幸編『現代流通入門』(2007・有斐閣)』 [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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