The amount of oxygen dissolved in water. The amount of dissolved oxygen is affected by water temperature, the concentration of dissolved salts, air pressure, etc. Oxygen dissolved in seawater is supplied from the atmosphere at the ocean surface, and is also produced by the carbon dioxide assimilation of phytoplankton in the ocean surface where sunlight reaches. In general, cold current systems have a lot of phytoplankton and low water temperatures, so the amount of dissolved oxygen is high, with about 6 to 7 mg/ L (ppm) dissolved oxygen near the surface, and about 1 to 2 mg/ L near the equator. Since it is relatively easy to measure, the distribution of oxygen in the ocean is widely known, and many studies on the circulation of ocean water have been conducted using this distribution since ancient times. In clear streams with little organic matter in the upper reaches of rivers, oxygen is dissolved at nearly saturation, but when the water contains a lot of reducing substances such as organic matter, sulfides, and ammonia, oxygen is consumed by the oxidative decomposition of these substances and decreases. Therefore, the amount of dissolved oxygen is used as an indicator of water pollution. Generally, if it decreases to 4 to 5 ppm or less, the survival of aquatic life including fish and shellfish is threatened. When there is a lack of oxygen in the water, anaerobic fermentation occurs, producing harmful gases such as hydrogen sulfide, which significantly deteriorates the water quality. The environmental standards for the conservation of the living environment stipulate that for rivers, AA type should be 7.5 ppm or more, for Class 3 fisheries B, 5 ppm or more, and for the lowest E, 2 ppm or more. For lakes and ponds, AA is 7.5 ppm or more, the lowest C is 2 ppm or more, and for marine areas, A is 7.5 ppm or more, and the lowest C is 2 ppm or more. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
水中に溶解している酸素の量。酸素の溶解量は水温,溶解塩類の濃度,気圧などにより影響を受ける。海水中に溶けている酸素は大気中の酸素が海洋の表面から供給されたり,太陽光の届く海洋の表層で植物プランクトンの炭酸同化作用によっても生成される。一般に寒流系では植物プランクトンが多く,かつ水温が低いので溶存酸素量が多く,表層付近では 6~7mg/l (ppm) 程度の酸素が溶解しているのに対して,赤道付近では酸素が少く 1~2mg/l 程度である。測定が比較的簡単なため,広く海洋における分布が知られており,その分布を利用して海洋の水の循環に関する研究が古くから数多くなされてきた。河川上流の有機物の少い清流ではほぼ飽和状態に近く溶解しているが,水に有機物や硫化物,アンモニアなどの還元物質が多くなると,酸素がこれらの酸化的分解のため消費されて減少する。そこで,溶存酸素量は水質汚濁の指標に使われる。一般的に4~5ppm以下に減少すると,魚介類をはじめ水中生物の生存が脅かされる。水中の酸素が欠乏すると嫌気性の発酵が起り,有害な硫化水素などのガスが発生して,水質を著しく悪化させる。環境基準では,生活環境の保全に関する項目として,河川では,AA類型で 7.5ppm以上,水産3級のBで 5ppm以上,最低のEで 2ppm以上とされる。湖沼では,AAが 7.5ppm以上,最低のCで 2ppm以上,海域のAで 7.5ppm以上,最低のCで 2ppm以上とされている。
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