Astrophysics - Space Physics

Japanese: 宇宙物理学 - うちゅうぶつりがく
Astrophysics - Space Physics

A field of research that seeks to understand the various phenomena in the universe based on the fundamental laws and properties of matter. Astrophysics began when people tried to apply the same laws of motion of matter on Earth to the various phenomena in the universe, which was thought to be a divine world far removed from Earth. Its origins date back as far as ancient Greece in the 4th and 5th centuries, but it can be said that astrophysics was already at its most elementary when Galileo Galilei examined reflections that showed that the surface of the moon is not as smooth as a mirror, and Herschel investigated the distribution of stars to determine the shape of the universe.

However, the full-scale start of astrophysics had to wait for major developments in physics in the 19th century. The establishment of spectroscopy by Kirchhoff and others made it possible to study in detail the elemental composition, internal motion, and physical state of the atmospheres of distant stars and nebulae, and astronomy, which had previously been centered on celestial mechanics, made a great leap forward to become "astrophysics." Developments in electromagnetism, thermodynamics, and, in the 20th century, atomic physics and quantum mechanics proved invaluable in elucidating various phenomena in the universe. In particular, Einstein's theory of relativity sparked attempts to comprehensively grasp the "universe" as the world we know, and a system that can truly be called "astrophysics" was built up.

Today, the entire field of astronomy overlaps with astrophysics in a broad sense. Astrophysics is the study of individual celestial bodies, mainly stars, but also the physics of the vast Milky Way and extraterrestrial galaxies. It also deals with the origin and evolution of matter in the expanding universe, and various interactions in the expanding universe. The methods used for this purpose are broad, including mathematics and the basic physics mentioned above, as well as chemistry, condensed matter theory, and nuclear and elementary particle theory. The universe is also an ideal experimental field for investigating the behavior and laws of matter and space in extreme conditions such as ultra-high vacuum, ultra-low temperature, ultra-high pressure, ultra-high temperature, and ultra-high gravity that cannot be achieved on Earth. Especially since the 1980s, research on the early expansion of the universe has progressed remarkably in collaboration with high-energy physics (elementary particle theory), and we are approaching the origin of matter and space in the expanding universe in which we live.

[Nobuo Kaifu April 18, 2017]

"Astronomy in the 20th Century," by O. Strube and V. Zelbergs, translated by Oobi Shinya and Yamamoto Atsuko, 3 volumes (1665, Hakuyosha)""Astronomy in the 20th Century," edited by Kagaku Asahi (1999, Asahi Shimbun)""Astrophysics," by Sato Fumitaka (2001, Iwanami Shoten)""Modern Astronomy Series, edited by Okamura Sadanori et al., vol. 17 and supplementary volume 1 (2007-2012, Nippon Hyoronsha)""Astrophysics: Stars, Galaxies, and Cosmology," new edition, by Takahara Fumio (2015, Asakura Shoten)"

[References] | Einstein | Universe | Cosmology | Galilei | Kirchhoff | Nucleus | Atomic physics | Stars | Nebulae |Theory of relativity | Particle physics|Electromagnetism | Astrophysics | Thermodynamics | Herschel |Condensed matter physics| Physics | Spectroscopy | Quantum mechanics

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

宇宙の諸現象を物質の基本的な法則・性質をもとにして理解しようとする研究分野をいう。地上とはかけ離れた神の世界と考えられていた宇宙における諸現象に、地上と同様の物質の運動法則を適用しようとしたことから、宇宙物理学は始まった。その萌芽(ほうが)は遠く4~5世紀の古代ギリシアにさかのぼるが、ガリレオ・ガリレイが月の表面が鏡のように滑らかではないことを示す反射の考察を行ったり、ハーシェルが星の分布を調べて宇宙の形を求めようとした姿勢は、すでに初歩的な宇宙物理学であったといえるだろう。

 しかし宇宙物理学の本格的な開始は、19世紀における物理学の大きな発展をまたなければならなかった。キルヒホッフらによる分光学の確立によって、遠い恒星の大気や星雲の元素組成・内部運動・物理状態の詳しい研究が可能になり、天体力学を中心としていたそれまでの天文学は「天体物理学」へと飛躍的発展を遂げた。電磁気学、熱力学、さらに20世紀に入ってからの原子物理学、量子力学の発展は、宇宙における多様な現象の解明に威力を発揮した。とくにアインシュタインによる相対性理論は、われわれが知る限りの世界としての「宇宙」を総合的に把握しようとする試みに火をつけ、真に「宇宙物理学」とよべる体系が築き上げられてきた。

 今日、天文学の研究分野は、その全体が広い意味での宇宙物理学と重なっているといってもよいであろう。宇宙物理学は、個々の天体、主として恒星の物理的研究を中心とした「天体物理学」に、広大な銀河系や系外銀河の物理学を加え、さらに膨張宇宙における物質の起源と進化、膨張宇宙における多様な相互作用を取り扱う。そのために用いる方法は、数学や上にあげた基本的物理学はいうまでもなく、化学、物性論、原子核・素粒子論にも広く及ぶ。また宇宙は、地上では達成しえない超高真空、超低温、超高圧、超高温、超大重力といった極限状態における物質や空間のふるまい・法則を追究する最適の実験場ともなっている。とくに1980年代以降、高エネルギー物理学(素粒子論)との連携による宇宙膨張初期の研究の進展は目覚ましく、われわれが住む膨張宇宙における物質と空間の成り立ちに迫ろうとしている。

[海部宣男 2017年4月18日]

『O・ストゥルベ、V・ゼルバーグス著、小尾信弥・山本敦子訳『20世紀の天文学』全3巻(1665・白揚社)』『科学朝日編『天文学の20世紀』(1999・朝日新聞社)』『佐藤文隆著『宇宙物理』(2001・岩波書店)』『岡村定矩他編『シリーズ現代の天文学』17巻・別巻1(2007~2012・日本評論社)』『高原文郎著『宇宙物理学:星・銀河・宇宙論』新版(2015・朝倉書店)』

[参照項目] | アインシュタイン | 宇宙 | 宇宙論 | ガリレイ | キルヒホッフ | 原子核 | 原子物理学 | 恒星 | 星雲 | 相対性理論 | 素粒子論 | 電磁気学 | 天体物理学 | 熱力学 | ハーシェル | 物性論 | 物理学 | 分光学 | 量子力学

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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