Actinomycetes - Actinomycetes

Japanese: 放線菌 - ほうせんきん(英語表記)actinomycetes
Actinomycetes - Actinomycetes

A group of bacteria that form branched hyphal cells or hyphae, also known as actinomycetes. Actinomycetes are prokaryotic bacteria with hyphal cells less than 1 micrometer wide that are gram-positive. Taxonomically, it refers to the order Actinomycetales and related organisms. The order Actinomycetales is divided into the following eight families (the representative genera are listed in parentheses): (1) Actinomycetaceae (genus Actinomyces), (2) Mycobacteriaceae (genus Mycobacteria), (3) Frankiaceae (genus Frankia), (4) Actinoplanaceae (genus Actinoplanes), (5) Dermatophilaceae (genus Dermatophilus), (6) Nocardiaceae (genus Nocardia), (7) Streptomycetaceae (genus Streptomyces), (8) Micromonosporaceae (genus Micromonosporaceae). Other related species of actinomycetes include Corynebacteria and Propionibacteriaceae. However, when treating actinomycetes in a narrow sense, the Mycobacteriaceae family may be excluded from the Actinomycetales, or only the genus Actinomyces or Streptomyces may be considered to be actinomycetes.

[Masami Soneda]

Properties of actinomycetes

Generally, most bacteria in the Actinomycetes order are soil bacteria, but some are parasitic on animals and plants. They also have some similarities to filamentous eukaryotes (molds and yeasts), but they do not have a clear nuclear structure and display the fine cell structure and cell wall components characteristic of prokaryotes. Looking at the properties of bacteria that fall under the broad definition of actinomycetes, there is a great deal of diversity, with some capable of forming hyphae and some not, some aerobic and some anaerobic, some symbiotic (with plants), some saprophytic, and some facultatively parasitic. There are also differences, such as some that form sporangia and some that do not, some that have motile cells formed by hyphae division and some that do not, some that produce aerial hyphae and some that do not, and some that produce long chains of conidia and some that do not.

Among actinomycetes, the following are particularly well-known: (1) Actinomyces : A facultative anaerobic bacterium that causes actinomycosis (develops in the oral cavity and ileocecal area). (2) Mycobacterium tuberculosis : An acid-fast bacterium that causes tuberculosis. (3) M. leprae : An obligate parasite that causes Hansen's disease. (4) Frankia : A root nodule bacterium of non-legume plants that fixes atmospheric nitrogen. (5) Nocardia asteroides: A human pathogen that causes tuberculosis-like lung infections, skin ulcers, and bacteremia. It is difficult to cure. (6) Streptomyces : A bacterium that is widely distributed in nature, especially in soil, and produces a variety of enzymes and antibiotics. Its morphology resembles that of mold, with aerial hyphae developing and arthrospores forming in a chain at the tips of the hyphae. Streptomyces griseus is a useful bacterium that produces antibiotics such as streptomycin, and S. aureofaciens is a useful bacterium that produces tetracycline and other antibiotics.

[Masami Soneda]

[Reference] | Gram-positive bacteria | Streptomycin

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

分岐した菌糸状細胞や菌糸をつくる細菌群をいい、放線菌類ともよぶ。放線菌は原核性細菌で、菌糸細胞の幅は1マイクロメートル以下、グラム陽性である。分類学的には放線菌目Actinomycetalesとその類縁生物群をさす。放線菌目は次の8科に分類される(括弧(かっこ)内は代表属)。(1)アクチノミセス科Actinomycetaceae(アクチノミセス属)、(2)ミコバクテリウム科Mycobacteriaceae(ミコバクテリウム属)、(3)フランキア科Frankiaceae(フランキア属)、(4)アクチノプラネス科Actinoplanaceae(アクチノプラネス属)、(5)デルマトフィルス科Dermatophilaceae(デルマトフィルス属)、(6)ノカルジア科Nocardiaceae(ノカルジア属)、(7)ストレプトミセス科Streptomycetaceae(ストレプトミセス属)、(8)ミクロモノスポラ科Micromonosporaceae(ミクロモノスポラ属)。このほか、放線菌には、類縁菌としてコリネ型バクテリアとプロピオン(酸)菌科Propionibacteriaceaeが含まれる。しかし、放線菌を狭義に扱う場合には放線菌目からミコバクテリウム科を除くこともあるし、単にアクチノミセス属だけ、あるいはストレプトミセス属だけを放線菌とする場合もある。

[曽根田正己]

放線菌の性状

放線菌目の細菌をみると、一般に土壌菌が多いが、なかには動物や植物に寄生するものもある。また、糸状性の真核生物(カビや酵母)と類似する部分もあるが、明瞭(めいりょう)な核構造をもたないし、原核性生物特有の細胞微細構造、細胞壁成分を示す。広義の放線菌に含まれる細菌の性状をみると、菌糸の形成能をもつものともたないもの、好気性のものと嫌気性のもの、共生(植物との共生)、腐生、条件的寄生のタイプがあるなど、きわめて多様性がある。また、胞子嚢(のう)を形成するものとしないもの、菌糸の分断によってできる細胞が運動するものとしないもの、気中菌糸をつくるものとつくらないもの、分生胞子(分生子)が長く連なってできるものとできないものなどの差違も認められる。

 放線菌のうち、とくに著名なものとして次のようなものがある。(1)アクチノミセス属Actinomyces 通性嫌気性菌で、放線菌症(口腔(こうくう)や回盲(かいもう)部に発症)の原因菌となる。(2)結核菌Mycobacterium tuberculosis 抗酸性菌で、結核症の原因菌となる。(3)らい菌M. leprae 絶対寄生菌で、ハンセン病の原因菌である。(4)フランキア属Frankia 非マメ科植物の根粒菌で、空中窒素を固定する。(5)ノカルジア・アステロイデスNocardia asteroides ヒトの病原菌で、結核様肺感染、皮膚潰瘍(かいよう)、菌血症をおこす。これにかかると治癒しにくい。(6)ストレプトミセス属Streptomyces 自然界、とくに土壌中に広く分布する菌で、さまざまな酵素、抗生物質の生産を行う。形態はカビに似て気中菌糸が発達し、その先端に分節胞子が連鎖的に形成される。ストレプトミセス・グリセウスS. griseusはストレプトマイシンを、ストレプトミセス・オーレオファシエンスS. aureofaciensはテトラサイクリンなどの抗生物質を生産する有用菌である。

[曽根田正己]

[参照項目] | グラム陽性菌 | ストレプトマイシン

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