Planck's constant

Japanese: プランク定数 - ぷらんくていすう(英語表記)Planck's constant
Planck's constant

A universal constant that characterizes quantum mechanical phenomena. It was discovered in 1900 by the German physicist Planck in his research on thermal radiation. It is expressed as h . Its current value is h = 6.62606896 x 10-34 J・s
It is said that the energy of a single photon is the momentum h ν/c. It is often used as ħ, which is h divided by 2π. Planck considered a charged oscillator (frequency ν) in thermal equilibrium with light, and that it emitted and absorbed light in units of energy quanta h ν, but he was unable to clarify the physical reason for this. Einstein took ν to be the frequency of light and h ν to be the energy of one photon (1905), and this carried momentum h ν/ c . It was the Frenchman de Broglie (1923) who extended this idea to material particles, and made the beginning of the understanding of the particle-wave duality as the relationship between energy E and frequency E = h ν, and the relationship between momentum p and wavelength λ p = h /λ. The uncertainty principle can also be considered a consequence of this duality. When quantum mechanics was completed (1926), all of this was derived from the following two fundamental equations. That is, the canonical commutation relationship between the momentum operator and the coordinate operator is −= ih /(2π)
and the Heisenberg equation of motion, which defines how any mechanical quantity  changes with time t : d Â( t )/ dt =(2π i / h )[ĤÂ-ÂĤ]
where Ĥ is the energy operator of the system.

[Hiroshi Ezawa]

[References] | Einstein | Operators | de Broglie | Uncertainty principle | Universal constants | Planck

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

量子力学的な現象を特徴づける普遍定数。ドイツの物理学者プランクが熱放射の研究のなかで1900年に発見した。hで表す。その値は現在では
  h=6.62606896×10-34J・s
とされる。hを2πで割ったħを用いることも多い。プランクは、光と熱平衡にある荷電振動子(振動数ν)を考え、これは光をエネルギー量子hνずつ放出・吸収するとしたが、その物理的理由は明らかにできなかった。アインシュタインは、νを光の振動数としhνを1個の光量子のエネルギーとしてとらえ(1905)、これが運動量hν/cを担うとした。この考えを物質粒子にまで広げ、粒子と波動の二重性を一般的にエネルギーEと振動数の関係Ehνおよび運動量pと波長λの関係ph/λとしてとらえる端緒をつくったのはフランスのド・ブローイである(1923)。不確定性原理も、この二重性の帰結と考えることができる。量子力学が完成したとき(1926)、これらはすべて次の二つの基本方程式から導かれるものとなった。すなわち、運動量の演算子と座標の演算子の間の正準交換関係
  -=ih/(2π)
および任意の力学量Âが時間tとともに変化する方法を定めるハイゼンベルクの運動方程式
  dÂ(t)/dt=(2πi/h)[ĤÂ-ÂĤ]
から導かれる。Ĥは系のエネルギーの演算子である。

[江沢 洋]

[参照項目] | アインシュタイン | 演算子 | ド・ブローイ | 不確定性原理 | 普遍定数 | プランク

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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