Fubuki (English spelling) blowing snow

Japanese: 吹雪 - ふぶき(英語表記)blowing snow
Fubuki (English spelling) blowing snow

A phenomenon in which snow particles are blown through the air by the wind. A blizzard without snowfall, that is, snow that has piled up on the ground and is blown up by the wind, is sometimes called a ground blizzard. Wind-blown snow is snowfall accompanied by strong winds, and blizzards that occur in Antarctica and North America are called blizzards.

In an actual snowstorm, it is often difficult to distinguish whether the flying snow particles are from falling snow or snow that has already accumulated on the ground and has been blown up by the wind. Various snow fences are installed on roads in cold regions to prevent poor visibility due to snowstorms and traffic disruptions caused by snowdrifts. Snowdrifts and snow cornices caused by snowstorms can cause avalanches, but in flat areas such as North America, Siberia, and the Antarctic ice sheet, snow transport by snowstorms plays an important role in water transport related to water resources and climate maintenance.

Snowstorms are more likely to occur with higher wind speeds and lower temperatures. The critical wind speed for a snowstorm is about 5 meters per second when temperatures are below -10°C, but increases with higher temperatures above -10°C. This is because the bonds between snow particles must be broken in order for the wind to blow them off the snow surface, and the higher the temperature, the stronger the bonds become. The movement of snow particles in a snowstorm can be divided into three types: "rolling" near the snow surface, "jumping" where the snow particles bounce around on the snow surface, and "floating" where the snow particles literally fly through the air. The heights of rolling, jumping, and floating are about 1 millimeter, several to tens of centimeters, and 10 to several hundred meters, respectively, from the snow surface. The spatial concentration of snow particles is greatest at the snow surface and decreases rapidly with altitude. In a typical snowstorm, about 80% of the total transported snow particles are contained within 10 centimeters from the snow surface.

[Kiichi Maeno]

[Reference] | Snow damage | Snow cornice | Avalanche | Blizzard | Snow

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

雪粒子が風によって空中を舞う現象。降雪がない場合の吹雪、すなわち一度地面に積もった雪が風に吹き上げられたものは地吹雪(じふぶき)とよばれることもある。風雪は、強風を伴った降雪のことで、南極や北アメリカ大陸などで発生する暴風雪は、ブリザードとよばれる。

 実際の吹雪のなかで、飛んでいる雪粒子が、降雪なのか、一度地面に積もった雪が風に吹き上げられたものなのかを判別することは、難しいことが多い。寒冷地の道路には、吹雪による視程悪化や吹きだまりの交通障害を防ぐために、種々の防雪柵が設置されている。吹雪による吹きだまりや雪庇(せっぴ)は、雪崩(なだれ)の原因になることもあるが、北アメリカ大陸、シベリア、南極氷床などの平坦地では、吹雪による雪輸送が、水資源や気候維持に関連した水輸送の重要な役割を果たしている。

 吹雪は風速が大きいほど、また気温が低いほど発生しやすい。吹雪の発生臨界風速は、気温がほぼ零下10℃以下ではおよそ毎秒5メートルであるが、零下10℃以上では気温が高いほど大きくなる。これは、風によって雪粒子が雪面から飛び出すためには、雪粒子間の結合が破壊されなければならないが、結合は気温が高いほど発達しているためである。吹雪のなかでの雪粒子の運動形態は、雪面付近を移動する「転がり(ころがり)」、雪面をぴょんぴょんと飛び跳ねる「跳躍」、および文字通り空中を舞う「浮遊」の三つに分けられる。転がり、跳躍、および浮遊の高さは、雪面からそれぞれ、おおよそ1ミリメートル、数~数十センチメートル、および10~数百メートルである。雪粒子の空間濃度は、雪面が最大で、高度とともに急速に減少する。典型的な吹雪において、雪面から10センチメートルに雪粒子の全輸送量の約80%が含まれる。

[前野紀一]

[参照項目] | 雪害 | 雪庇 | 雪崩 | ブリザード |

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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